how to remove a tree stump - Gold Coast
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BEND, Ore. -

For many years, Pioneer and Drake Parks have been home to several species of trees, providing shade and beauty to park users. Now, two tree species in the parks, black locusts and silver maples, are under siege by borers and rot, a common problem across the United States for both species.

The infestation is requiring Bend Park & Recreation District to strategically prune and, in some cases, remove and replant trees. Tree removal is planned for Tuesday, park officials announced Monday.

Park district Marketing Manager Colleen McNally said four trees at Drake Park and about 12 at Pioneer Park are expected to need removal. An arborist will reassess the damage as they work on the trees and determine how extensive the infestations are, she said.

Unfortunately, the severely affected trees need to be removed due to weakened branches and trunks which create a safety hazard for park amenities and visitors, said Sasha Sulia, the park district's natural resources manager.

Eventually the trees will die from the infestation or disease. Working with a certified arborist, the district is taking steps to manage the trees as best we can but sometimes a tree is too diseased and needs to be replaced with a better species for our region.

At Pioneer Park, there are 35 black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) trees planted throughout the park. Native to the eastern United States, these deciduous trees are estimated to be 70 to 80 years old.

Under normal conditions, black locust trees live an average of 60 years and a maximum of 100 years. Specific only to black locust trees, locust borers larvae tunnel into a trees trunk and branches and over time cause serious damage and/or tree mortality.

For several years, locust borers have infested all of the black locust trees within Pioneer Park, said Sulia. The borers damage is evident in the multiple dead branches, leaf dieback and boring dust on the tree boles.

At Drake Park, similar problems exist with several trees along Riverside Boulevard. One tree is a black locust experiencing a severe locust borer infestation similar the trees in Pioneer Park.

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16 Drake, Pioneer park trees to be felled

An appeal of Pacific Grove's plan to cut down a 35-foot oak is being heard by the city's Beautification and Natural Resources Commission.

The commission is scheduled to meet at 4 p.m. Tuesday in the City Council chambers for a special meeting.

The tree-cutting permit was also the subject of discussion at the panel's Jan. 28 meeting during which public testimony was divided.

The city arborist is recommending removal of the tree at 307 Wood Street because of "advanced internal problems."

The removal plan was appealed by Gibson Avenue residents Saschja and Peter Marseguerra, who say the tree is "a unique and beautiful wonder of nature that we should respect, not kill."

An arborist hired by a neighboring property owner concluded that removing the tree seemed "the most logical choice," but said it could be preserved with pruning, support and annual monitoring.

A resident whose home is under the tree, in an email, called upon the city to remove the tree for safety reasons. A couple who live a few homes away wrote that the tree, if deemed truly dangerous, should be removed, but it would be best to save it if possible.

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Battling over a tree in Pacific Grove

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JOHNS ISLAND, SC (WCSC) -

90% of the time it only takes one sprinkler to save your home from going up in flames. The St. John's Fire District is spreading that message of safety.

St. John's Fire Marshall James Ghi says a sprinkler system is like having a firefighter in your home.

Saving a life could come down to a matter of seconds.

Over the weekend, the firefighters conducted a demonstration showing how quickly a room could burn without a sprinkler system. Both rooms had the same furniture but only one was equipped with a sprinkler.

"The smoke detector will sound at the smallest amount of smoke," said Ghi.

Flames appeared within 10 seconds.

Ghi said, "The sprinkler heads are activated by head."

Ghi says a sprinkler system helps to control a fire.

"Not only does it allow time to get out of a home, it also limits property damage," said Ghi.

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Local fire district demos benefits of sprinkler systems in homes

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Although community network studies show that sexual relationships occur between members of "risk groups" -- men who have sex with other men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), non-injection drug users (NIDU) -- and heterosexuals, researchers at New York University's Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (CDUHR) note that little research has been done to help explain how HIV epidemics and programs in one population affect others and how to reduce the risks of transmission.

A recent study conducted by researchers from CDUHR, led by Samuel R. Friedman, Director of both CDUHR's Interdisciplinary Theoretical Synthesis Core, and the Institute for Infectious Disease Research at NDRI, sheds light on the pathways connecting HIV epidemics in different populations.

It shows that programs for people who use drugs -- like syringe exchange, HIV counseling and testing, and drug abuse treatment -- are associated with subsequent lower rates of AIDS incidence and death among heterosexuals.

"Since existing theory and research have relatively little to say about the cross-population processes being studied, we used exploratory analytic technique to study these relationships," explains Dr. Friedman.

The objective of the study, "Do metropolitan HIV epidemic histories and programs for people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men predict AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals?" was to better understand how epidemics among MSMs and PWIDs correlate with later epidemics and mortality within heterosexuals; how prevention programs targeting specific groups affect future epidemics among other populations; and whether the size of MSM and PWID populations are associated with the later epidemics and mortalities among heterosexuals. The study was published in the Annals of Epidemiology.

The study looked at data from 96 large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) from 1992 -- 2008. "We have only limited ability to study the mechanisms by which our independent variables come to be associated with outcomes," explains Dr. Friedman. "Research into whether interventions in one key population affect HIV epidemics in other key populations is of high policy relevance and should be a priority."

Although the study highlights the necessity of future studies, it found that HIV counseling and testing in PWIDs was associated with lower AIDS incidence in heterosexuals, while counseling and testing in MSMs were not; and that availability of syringe exchange programs and drug abuse treatment programs were associated with lower AIDS death rates among heterosexuals.

The study also highlights a link between racial/ethnic residential segregation and rates of AIDS incidence and mortality among heterosexuals and points to evidence pairing social causations like income inequality with mortality.

"Our findings are descriptive of the relationships of the measured variables in these large metropolitan areas," said Dr. Friedman. "They do not, however, imply that these findings can necessarily be extended to smaller MSAs, non-metropolitan localities, other time periods or other countries, for that further research is clearly needed."

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Reducing HIV transmission among drug injectors lowers AIDS mortality in heterosexuals