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    How To Grow And Care For Fig Trees – Southern Living - February 26, 2024 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Every Southern garden should have a fig tree. These small trees or shrubs produce delicious fruit with flavors best experienced ripe from the tree. Unlike other fruits, figs ripen entirely on the branch, so planting your own allows you to harvest the freshest fruit. The common fig tree (Ficus carica) thrives in warm climates and usually does not require pollination to bear fruit. Some varieties of fig trees rely on wasps to pollinate.

    Despite bearing delicious fruit, fig trees can be invasive, as the roots spread widely in optimal growing conditions. Additionally, fig trees are not safe for animals and are toxic to dogs, cats, and horses. Symptoms include gastrointestinal issues and skin irritation. The fruit from fig trees is generally considered safe for human consumption, but some people have a negative interaction with fig leaves and sap. Rashes or skin irritation can occur in some individuals after exposure, so wear gloves when maintaining this tree. Here's a guide to growing your own delicious common fig tree and the growing conditions that will help it thrive.

    Figs are self-fruitful, so you need only one plant to produce fruit. Mature fig trees can be 10 to 30 feet tall. If you have more room, plant several. Choose early, mid and late-fruiting selections to extend your harvest from summer into early fall. Some figs will produce bonus fruit early in the season, called a "breba" crop, and the main crop. Figs can vary in size, shape, flavor, texture, and harvest time and can be black, green, brown, violet, yellow, or purple. Figs trees are invasive in some areas like Florida because optimal growing conditions encourage the tree's roots to spread widely.

    Full sun is essential for an abundant harvest and the sweetest fruit. Ideally, you should plant fig trees in an area that receives six to eight hours of direct, daily sunlight. Less sunlight will prevent trees from producing as many figs compared to those planted with adequate light.

    Fig trees grow in various soil conditions, but slightly acidic and well-drained soils are best. Soil with rich, organic matter helps supplement growth. Regular potting mixes work well for fig trees in containers as long as it retains moisture and is well-aerated. These plants grow well near coastal regions but also tolerate loamy, clay, or sandy conditions as long as soil is well-drained and retains some moisture.

    When fruit is developing, it's important to water regularly. Check daily, and pick just as the fruit ripens. During the first year, as plants become established, water regularly and mulch. Once established, figs can be very drought tolerant.

    Figs trees need warm conditions and subtropical climates to thrive but will tolerate some cold in winter as long as it remains above 15F. Areas with harsh winters are unsuitable for this species, but you can grow figs in big pots and overwinter them by storing them in a cool garage or basement. Since fig trees need well-drained soil, a dry climate is preferred, but some varieties have been bred for the humidity of the Southeast. Water-logged environments can prevent proper fruit development as too much rain causes fruits to split and possibly spoil.

    Fig trees thrive in the Lower, Coastal, and Tropical South heat. Plant near a wall with southern exposure in the Middle South so they can benefit from reflected heat. Mulch well for winter and go with cold-hardy selections, such as 'Brown Turkey' and 'Celeste,' if you live in Zone 6 or 7.

    Fertilize your fig with a balanced fertilizer in early spring when growth first starts to appear or at planting time if the tree is actively growing. Especially if you have soil with poor fertility, fig trees will benefit from an application of fertilizer each year. Fertilize a second time in late spring for 1 or 2-year-old plants.

    Fig trees have small, inconspicuous flowers, but produce different colored fruits depending on the variety. Most varieties grown in home gardens bear female flowers that develop into fruit without pollination. Here are some specific types that you can grow in your own garden:

    Fig trees don't need a lot of pruning throughout the year but can benefit from pruning during their dormancy (late winter or early spring) because it promotes new growth, healthier branches, and better fruit. Fig trees that aren't pruned will naturally develop a shrubby form.

    To maintain a tree-form, establish a single trunk and remove suckers at the base. Alternatively, you can select three or more widely spaced leaders. Prune out crossing branches or branches that are too parallel to the ground and can't bear the weight of fruit. After the first year of growth, prune lightly during the dormant season, removing weak side shoots and dead or diseased wood. Excessively long and heavy branches can also be cut back by 1/3.

    The easiest way to propagate fig trees is through cuttings. Here's how to propagate fig trees:

    Growing a fig tree from seed is possible, but it is more challenging than propagating from cuttings. Seed propagation does not produce a duplicate plantthis can only occur from cuttings. For more experienced gardeners, here is how to grow fig trees from seed:

    If you live in Zone 6 or cooler, you'll want to grow the tree in a container to ensure its survival. Smaller fig varieties like 'Little Figgy,' 'Brown Turkey,' and 'Chicago Hardy' can successfully be grown in a container. The container will naturally limit the size of the plant. Move up one container size larger than the nursery pot when planting your tree. Use a container with multiple drainage holes. A wheeled plant stand can be helpful if you need to move your container around.

    Fill the container with high-quality potting soil with plenty of organic matter and plant the tree so the top of the root ball is level with the soil, then water well. Keep in mind that containers dry out quickly and require more frequent watering. You can prune the tree to keep it to a more manageable size. Repot the tree to the next size up when the roots outgrow the container. Bring the tree indoors in winter, as described below.

    Container-grown trees must be brought indoors for the winter or buried in the ground and mulched. Wait for fig trees to go dormant for the season before moving them indoors. You'll know this has happened when all the leaves fall from the tree. Place the tree in a basement or garage that will protect it from freezing weather and strong winds. Keep watering dormant plants, but only about once a month when the top 2 to 3 inches of soil has dried out.

    If you plan to keep fig trees outside and live in the colder part of the tree's range, wrap the trunk and roots in burlap or a tent to protect them from frost. Before covering the tree, tie the branches with a rope or twine to help protect the primary growth. In any climate that experiences frost, add mulch around the roots, like hay or wood chips, to protect roots from freezing temperatures.

    The nematode is a pest that can impact a fig tree's longevity by attacking the roots, eventually stunting growth and the amount of fruit. Uncover some roots and inspect for swellings. Infected trees cannot be treated and should be removed. Don't replant in the same area, and consider having your soil checked for nematodes before planting another fig.

    Pests including carpenter worm, sap beetle, and fig tree borer can prevent a fig tree from growing properly. To avert a fig tree borer infestation, use a net around the base of the tree to stop this pest from laying eggs near the fig tree. Spoiled fruit also encourages pest infestations and even fungal diseases that can occur after the fruit ripens. Harvesting ripe fruit immediately can also help prevent pests from attacking the branches and leaves.

    To deter birds from eating your fruit, hang reflective tape or plant figs that stay green when ripe such as 'Marseilles' or 'Green Ischia.' Finally, cleaning up fallen leaves and fruit in autumn helps discourage pests and disease.

    There are a few reasons why fig tree leaves might curl. The first is that under watering can scorch or burn the leaves. If you've had a dry spell, live in a dry climate, or have a newly planted tree, it is time to water if the top 2 inches of soil are dry. Fig rust can also cause leaves to curl, as described below.

    Various fungi can cause leaf spots, stem cankers, and eventual wilting or dying of stems. Remove diseased leaves and twigs and rake up and dispose of any fallen leaves to promote your tree's health. If fig rust causes heavy defoliation, spray the new leaves with a copper fungicide at three-to-four-week intervals (or more often in rainy weather).Fig rust starts as small yellowish-green spots that grow and turn brown, with leaves eventually yellowing or curling and falling off the tree.

    Sunken, discolored spots on fruit are usually a sign of anthracnose. Infected figs will eventually drop to the ground. Remove any diseased fruit from the tree and the ground beneath the tree.

    Late freezes and dry weather can also prevent fruit from developing or cause it to drop before ripening. During long dry spells while the tree is producing fruit, water your tree deeply. For established trees, once every 10-14 days is typically enough.

    Figs can turn sour because of fermentation by yeasts, fungi, and bacteria. Pick the fruit as it ripens. Sometimes a lengthy wet spell can cause souring, in which case you may have no option but to dispose of the fruit.

    The fruit of the common fig is edible and can be eaten fresh, dried, baked, or cooked in preserves. Birds, insects, and other wildlife also enjoy eating figs.

    In their native range, common fig trees can grow 30 feet tall or higher. Colder temperatures in the U.S. usually keep the trees to 15 to 25 feet. Compact varieties like 'Little Figgy' top out at 4 to 8 feet tall.

    Many species of fig are pollinated by fig waspstiny insects that crawl inside the fruit to pollinate the flowersbut most home-grown fig trees are self-pollinating. Popular varieties have small or closed openings that make it more difficult for wasps to enter.

    See more here:
    How To Grow And Care For Fig Trees - Southern Living

    Landscape Vegetation Analysis project improves habitat for wildlife – Wyoming Game and Fish Department - August 20, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Laramie -

    The Troublesome Ridge shrub mowing projectwas the first project completed through the Landscape Vegetation Analysis (LaVA) specifically focused on improving habitat for wildlife, primarily mule deer. Other wildlife, such as sage grouse, will also benefit from this habitat enhancement project.

    LaVA was developed to address landscape-level tree mortality from bark beetles and the overall lack of disturbances in the Medicine Bow National Forest. LaVA was finalized in 2020 and allows over a quarter million acres of vegetative management to occur over the next 15 years. The purpose of LaVA includes improving timber stand health, reducing fuel for fires,and improving wildlife habitat among other goals.

    The prescribed shrub treatments were implemented to reduce canopy cover, increase herbaceous plant growth and availability, diversify the age class structure of the shrub community, increase the palatability and nutritional value of shrubs for wildlife, and reduce conifer encroachment. Pre-treatment monitoring was conducted to quantify shrub canopy cover, shrub composition, and herbaceous plant species diversity.

    The mechanical treatment was conducted by WGFD Habitat and Access personnel using 100 horse power tractors, twenty foot wide batwing mowers, and chainsaws. Shrubs were mowed six to ten inches above ground height which reduced canopy cover and removed approximately 50% of shrubs from the mowed area.

    The remaining shrub community will supply newer regrowth for wildlife, along with increased access to forbs. WGFD Habitat and Access personnel mowed the shrubs in a mosaic pattern. This helps ensure there is still cover for small birds and mammals and reduces the hard edge or corridor effect that predators often exploit when hunting. The partners plan to repeat this treatment in five to seven years, further diversifying the age class structure of the shrub community.

    The Troublesome Ridge project was designed and implemented as a cooperative project between the United States Forest Service (USFS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Mule Deer Foundation (MDF), Saratoga-Encampment-Rawlins Conservation District (SERCD), Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), and the Upper Cedar Creek Ranch (UCCR).

    - WGFD -

    More:
    Landscape Vegetation Analysis project improves habitat for wildlife - Wyoming Game and Fish Department

    Cicadas, Beans and Tree Water Questions – The Epoch Times - August 20, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Question: My oaks and shade trees look like they are beginning to die. The last six inches to a foot or more of many branches all over the tree have dead leaves. We have not had much rain, but when we do, a lot of these branches fall off. I have started watering; is there anything else I can do?

    Answer: This sounds like typical cicada damage and not damage from the dry weather. The female cicada pruned the tree branches for you, even though the trees probably didnt need pruning. They lay eggs in the last few inches of the branch and damage the branch at the same time. The eggs hatch into small grubs that either fall to the ground inside the dead twigs or on their own. They burrow into the soil and feed on tree and shrub roots for one to 17 years depending on what kind of cicada they are. They dont harm the trees enough during this time to require treatment.

    If the trees are small enough that you can take a close look at the remaining branches, cut any ragged stubs back to a live bud or branch. Remove any dead twigs still hanging if you want to and do any additional pruning to retain a pretty shape. Fortunately, it is unlikely that there is any permanent damage.

    Q: The green bean plants in my garden have stopped growing beans. I thought they were supposed to keep producing all summer. There were good pods in the early summer, but there are none now. What do you think I did wrong?

    A: I dont think you did anything wrong. Beans, tomatoes, peppers and a lot of other garden vegetables stop flowering when they get too hot. This summer, a lot of vegetable gardens have endured hot spells. This is normal for many gardeners. As the weather cools off, the beans will probably start flowering again.

    Another potential problem is too much or too little water. Garden vegetables like damp soil that is neither too dry nor too wet. Mulch helps even out the extremes. Using drip irrigation or rain barrels with slow water flow also helps.

    If the beans had a lot of pods developing and you didnt harvest them all because you didnt need them, the plant may be growing larger beans in the pods and not producing more pods. Unless you need some mature beans for soups or for saving until next season, keep the pods picked to force the plant to grow more pods.

    Q: In the spring, we planted several new trees and what seems now to be an overabundance of shrubs. It has been hard to keep them all watered. When can we slow down or stop watering and let the plants grow on their own?

    A: Most landscape trees and shrubs like damp soil, just like the vegetables in the previous question. Some trees and shrubs are native to shorelines or swampy areas and will need more water while others are native to upland hilly areas. Ask your nursery how much water is required for the types of trees and shrubs you have.

    Again, mulch will help, and using a drip irrigation hose will give the plants the water they need without necessitating you standing around watering them. It can take several years for trees and shrubs to have a large enough root system to be completely left on their own. For the next couple of years, the plants will not need watering unless there is an unusually hot or dry spell.

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    Cicadas, Beans and Tree Water Questions - The Epoch Times

    24 Best essential oils for wrinkles, how to use and precautions – PINKVILLA - August 20, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Early signs of aging, particularly fine lines, and wrinkles are one of the major impacts of unprotected prolonged sun exposure, pollution, and free radicals. However, regardless of the causes of the wrinkles, what everyone really wants to know is how to get rid of wrinkles. Right from anti-aging creams to essential oils for wrinkles, people recommend all sorts of products. But do they actually work? Read on to find out all about essential oils good for wrinkles.

    In this article, well discuss what are essential oils, and how to use them along with a list of the 24 best essential oils for wrinkles and all the essential precautions.

    If you are looking for products to help you deal with your premature lines and wrinkles naturally, there is actually nothing better than essential oils. Yes, there are several anti-aging creams and formulations for wrinkle-free skin however they are filled with chemicals, and who knows what are the long-term effects. Essential oils on the other hand are plant-based which means they are 100% naturally derived. Not just that, they are highly concentrated and deliver so much more than just wrinkle-free skin. Curious about essential oils? Scroll on!

    Essential oils are concentrated oil extracts derived from plants. These concentrated plant-based oil extracts are acquired through a series of processing which mainly includes mechanical pressing also known as distillation. The best part is, that even after the distillation, the oils retain their natural aroma and flavor. Depending upon the plant source, there are several different essential oils. Each oil has a unique concentration, aroma, and origin. Along with that, every oil has a distinct effect on the skin and a different rate of absorption.

    These popular natural products are used in a variety of ways including facial application in skin care, topical application in massages, inhalation in aromatherapy, and as relaxation elements in baths. In fact, a number of essential oils are strongly recommended for dermatological conditions like dermatitis, eczema, scars, and wrinkles. It is important to remember that, some essential oils are highly concentrated. That is precisely why in order to use them you must use a carrier oil to dilute them. Typically, carrier oils are mild and have a minimal scent, some popular carrier oils are coconut oil, olive oil, or grape seed oil.

    Essential oils for wrinkles

    If you are looking for the best essential oils for wrinkles or other signs of aging, it comes down to your specific needs and requirements for your skin type. Essential oils cannot entirely eliminate wrinkles, however, they work to minimize their appearance. Along with that essential oils for aging skin work to boost collagen, deliver an even skin tone, heal inflamed skin, promote new cell growth and offer protection from damage due to the environment. In fact, if you like to steer clear of chemical-filled creams and products, essential oils are the best substitutes. Ahead, find the most effective anti aging essential oils for wrinkles and fine lines. Keep reading for a list of the 24 best essential oils for wrinkles.

    Here is a list of 24 essential oils that can be picked to effectively minimize the appearance of wrinkles and promote a healthier and youthful-looking complexion.

    1. Lavender oil

    Lavender oil has been widely preferred for its relaxing fragrance. But, apart from aromatherapy and luxury bath products, this popular plant-based oil has plenty of skincare benefits as well. According to a 2013 study, lavender oil is flooded with antioxidant effects. The study suggested that lavender oil has the power to effectively minimize wrinkles and fine lines when applied consistently. Because of its soothing properties, it is best to add lavender oil for face wrinkles into your nightly routine. Along with fighting the free radicals and delivering healthy and youthful-looking skin, this incredible oil can all minimize stress and induce sleep. Suitable for almost all skin types lavender oil is one of the best essential oils for wrinkles on face.

    2. Rose oil

    Another essential oil for wrinkles has to be rose oil. A number of studies have shown that rose oil is rich in anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. That is why topically applying rose oil can immediately help you get rid of signs of inflammation, puffiness, or redness. Along with that, rose oil is said to boost the natural cell renewal rate which delivers supple-looking skin. While there are many kinds of roses, rose oil is typically extracted from Damask roses which are not only filled with skin-loving qualities but are known to reduce pain as well as anxiety. You can incorporate rose oil for its anti-aging effects and achieve a natural rosy flush.

    3. Rosemary oil

    Rosemary oil is extracted from the rosemary herb which is filled with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. When it comes to essential oils for wrinkles, rosemary oil is an excellent pick that is because it is filled with antioxidants that help in the prevention of wrinkles. Rosemary oil works by effectively blocking free radicals from breaking down the elasticity of the skin. It also works to boost circulation and hence reduces any signs of inflammation as well.

    4. Frankincense oil

    Frankincense oil is another fantastic essential oil that is widely used in skincare and aromatherapy. Filled with skin-rejuvenating effects, this oil works wonders for mature skin. You must pick this essential oil for wrinkles or fine lines. Along with that, it can also help in getting rid of age spots, scars, stretch marks, and blemishes. Moreover, frankincense oils also work to tone the skin and promote the growth of new cells hence delivering radiant skin. Since Frankincense oil is a highly concentrated oil, it is safe to mix it with a carrier oil before applying it.

    5. Jojoba oil

    One of the best essential oil for wrinkles on face is jojoba oil. With the power to deliver generous amounts of moisture, it can also be used as a carrier oil. That means jojoba oil is completely safe to apply to the face without diluting. Apart from minimizing wrinkles and other signs of aging, jojoba oil is also used to treat wrinkles, inflammation, and lesions. Consistent application of jojoba oil also promotes natural collagen stimulation which helps in achieving a plump-looking complexion.

    6. Citrus essential oils

    Filled with vitamin C, oils extracted from citrus fruits like lemon oil or grapefruit oil are known as citrus essential oils. If you are looking for essential oils for wrinkles, lemon oil can definitely be a great pick. Studies have shown lemon oil minimizes any signs of aging. In addition to that, it protects from any harmful effects due to oxidation or sun damage. Also, they are filled with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Citrus oils should be incorporated into the nightly skincare routine because they might make the skin more sensitive to sunlight.

    7. Sandalwood oil

    Another interesting essential oil for wrinkles has to be sandalwood oil. Flooded with anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties sandalwood oil can deliver well-hydrated and healthy skin. Add it to your routine for a supple and wrinkle-free complexion. Moreover, it is known to have incredibly soothing properties for the skin which is all the more reason to incorporate it.

    8. Clary sage oil

    Extracted from a sweet-smelling herb called clary sage, this oil is rich in antioxidant effects. In fact, research shows clary sage oil prevents any damage from free radicals at the DNA level. It also holds the power to minimize the appearance of wrinkles.

    9. Pomegranate oil

    Extracted from the pomegranate fruit, this essential oil is capable of reducing oxidative stress hence delivering wrinkle-free skin. Apart from that pomegranate oil is also capable of reducing the appearance of sunspots or inflammation. In addition to that, it is also known to stop the growth of cancer cells

    10. Carrot seed oil or wild carrot essential oil

    According to a 2012 study, carrot seeds possess antioxidant effects that help in the prevention of signs of aging by blocking the breakdown of healthy skin cells. In fact, carrot seeds have also been used as a muscle relaxant and as a low blood sugar remedy. Along with that, it is known to have liver-protecting properties. But most importantly it is filled with antioxidative effects which help in the minimization of wrinkles. It is one of the best anti aging essential oils.

    11. Ylang-ylang oil

    Ylang-ylang is another essential oil that has an incredible aroma. It is actually used in a number of perfumes. Apart from that, a study in 2015, proved that ylang-ylang exhibits certain antioxidants that boost the natural skin renewal process. It also fights free radicals and has other skin healing properties. With the power to repair damaged skin, ylang-ylang is another excellent essential oil for wrinkles.

    12. Clary sage oil

    Derived from the clary sage shrub, the clary sage oil is filled with antioxidants, according to a study conducted in 2016. It helps the skin by preventing any DNA damage due to free radicals. Plus it is flooded with anti-aging benefits for the skin. You can definitely pick clary sage oil for wrinkles.

    13. Avocado oil

    Another essential oil that offers its goodness in the world of skincare is avocado oil. This natural antioxidant is filled with anti-inflammatory effects. In fact, it always has collagen-boosting properties which makes it a good essential oil for wrinkles.

    14. Geranium oil

    Derived from geranium extracts, geranium oil is natural anti-inflammatory oil. In fact, it is also used in treating severe sinusitis and bronchitis. Along with that, it is known to deliver well-moisturized skin and promote natural skin-cell renewal which makes it a good anti-wrinkle oil. It is also safe for anyone with acne.

    15. Helichrysum oil

    Helichrysum oil is derived from the helichrysum flower and is a beautiful fragrant flower. Right from boosting skin renewal to treating inflammation, this sunflower cousin is known to possess several skin-loving qualities. A study in 2014 proved that this essential oil is filled with anti-aging, anti-inflammatory as well as antiseptic properties as well.

    16. Neroli essential oil

    Extracted from bitter orange tree flowers, the neroli essential oil holds the power to boost skin elasticity. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), states that neroli oil is known to treat skin ailments like fungal infections and irritation. It can effectively be used for wrinkle treatment as well. It is one of the best essential oils for face wrinkles.

    17. Grapeseed oil

    Grapeseed oil is not only filled with medicinal properties but possesses antioxidant properties as well. NCCIH states that grapeseed oils are filled with powers to treat inflammation as well as wounds. It is also filled with anti-aging, skin-nourishing, and skin-rejuvenating properties.

    18. Apricot oil

    Rich in vitamin E apricot oil is all you need for the utmost nourishment and rejuvenation of your skin. When looking for essential oils for wrinkles, you can definitely go for this oil. Extracted from the seeds of apricot, it has the power to deliver a clearer complexion. It is the perfect anti-aging oil for dry skin. It can also be used as a carrier oil.

    19. Almond oil

    Another essential oil thats rich in vitamin E is almond oil. With plenty of skin-nourishing and restorative properties, it is the perfect skincare pick. According to a study in 2018, almond oil is particularly rich in anti-inflammatory properties which makes it a suitable oil for treating eczema and psoriasis. Moreover, it is filled with anti-aging qualities which makes it the perfect oil to deliver a healthier complexion, along with treating scars and dryness.

    20. Argan oil

    Another vitamin E-rich oil is argan oil. Derived from argan fruits this oil is filled with skincare and hair care qualities. Add this oil as a carrier oil to your daily anti-wrinkle routine to achieve supple-looking skin. A study in 2015 proved that argan oil has the power to boost skin elasticity in just two months. It is one of the best carrier oil for aging skin.

    21. Myrrh oil

    This essential oil is extracted from the resin of the myrrh tree. It has wound healing powers. Along with that, it works to prevent any harmful effects due to sun damage. It is also known to hydrate dry skin and repair damaged skin at the same time. Add this essential oil for wrinkles to effectively tone the skin while reducing signs of aging like wrinkles.

    22. Cypress oil

    This essential oil is filled with medicinal properties. Along with that, it is filled with a sweet aroma. Add this to your routine to facilitate natural collagen production and minimize any signs of wrinkles and fine lines. Cypress oil is also rich in anti-inflammatory as well as antimicrobial properties which helps in achieving a healthy and luminous glow.

    23. Patchouli Oil

    Patchouli oil is from the leaves of the patchouli plant which is an aromatic herb. A Chinese study confirms that patchouli essential oil has the power to reduce wrinkles. Along with that, it prevents photoaging. Patchouli oil is rich in antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties which work against inflammation and redness. It also promotes skin reparation.

    24. Eucalyptus oil

    Eucalyptus oil has the power to lighten the skin. Add it to your routine to visibly reduce wrinkles. In addition to that, it works to tighten the skin and delivers a supple glow. It also works to lighten any signs of hyperpigmentation, spots, and dark circles.

    Although essential oils are natural plant-based oil there are certain precautions you must take to avoid any side effects. One of the major precautions you must take is diluting strong oils with carrier oils to avoid any irritation. Apart from this, when using citrus oils it is advised to avoid sunlight to avoid any burns. It is smart to add it into your nightly routine. Another smart precaution while using essential oils or as a matter of fact, any skincare product is - to do a patch test before actually adding it to your daily routine to avoid any unfortunate allergic reaction. According to the National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy, when using an essential oil on the face anyone with sensitive skin should add 36 drops of essential oil per ounce of carrier oil while anyone with normal skin should add 615 drops of essential oil per ounce of carrier oil.

    Essential oils are filled with skin-loving properties which makes them a perfect chemical-free skincare pick. However, before you incorporate any essential oil make sure you know what your skin type is and what your skin actually needs. When adding essential oil for wrinkles, you can go for a number of essential oils. However, it is advised to pick a combination of two essential oils. In order to see real results make sure you apply the oil of your choice consistently along with making some healthy lifestyle changes.

    Also read: Skincare: 5 essential oils you NEED to add to your daily routine for all skin types

    Wrinkles cropping up on your neck? Here are 5 easy remedies to prevent them

    8 Best Creams for wrinkles for smooth, radiant skin in 2022

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    24 Best essential oils for wrinkles, how to use and precautions - PINKVILLA

    Trufast Tree Service Reaches 5 Year Milestone in Business – GlobeNewswire - August 12, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Springfield, Aug. 11, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Springfield, Missouri -

    Trufast Tree Service, a company based n Springfield, MO, is proud to announce that they have reached a five year milestone in business and at the same time, they have also reached more than 240 five-star reviews on Google. They have an overall rating of 5.0 out of 5 stars on Google. The Trufast Tree Company has a certified arborist and two crews made up of eight employees. They are a locally owned company that is committed to offering safe and expert tree care to ensure that the trees are healthy and to promote growth. They offer tree removal, stump grinding, tree pruning, plant health care consultations with their certified arborists, emergency tree care, and shrub work.

    An arborist is a tree care specialist who is highly trained, knowledgeable, and experienced with regards to the science of planting, caring for, and determining the needs of certain trees. Arborists are tree doctors who offer maintenance and services for trees in order to promote growth long-term tree health. The arborist at Trufast Tree Service is certified by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), which ensures that the arborist is really a knowledgeable tree care expert.

    They want to point out that the cost of hiring an arborist should be regarded as an investment because they are trained and certified in offering personalized care for the trees and home landscape that continues to deliver value throughout the lifetime of the trees. This investment also adds significant value to the property and proactively helps with pruning and trimming maintenance that may be required in the future.

    Trufast Tree Service exists to provide quality, friendly service to Springfield, Missouri and surrounding area, while creating a place for employees to thrive and grow," says Kyle Theobald, owner of Trufast Tree Service. We intend to continue to do the same thing, and any future moves will be taken one step at a time. Every tree is known by its fruit.

    In tree removal services, certified tree professionals can help the homeowner in deciding whether a particular tree should be removed or not or if there is a suggested course of treatment that may help in reviving the tree. Whatever the decision may be, the process of tree removal will be carefully planned and done safely ensuring that there is no damage caused on nearby trees, the home, or the property.

    Arborists can also be helpful in the tree trimming services, including tree trimming, shrub trimming, and tree pruning, as a way to ensure the long-term health of the shrubs and trees. They can also be helpful with regards to emergency tree services. Storms and very strong winds can cause significant damage to trees and the trees may even fall onto houses and other tree. The experts from Trufast Tree Service are always ready to make sure that such occurrences will not pose additional risks and are taken care of in a secure and prompt manner.

    They can also help with stump removal by grinding the stump and roots that are at the surface of the yard. Stump grinding will be provided with an eye to minimizing damage to the grass and property that are nearby. Additional services that they can provide include risk assessments, consulting, tree health maintenance, pruning, tree planting, and more. Regardless of the clients specific needs, their expert team and their varied services will always be provided to ensure customer satisfaction.

    Founded in 2017, Trufast Tree Service has established as its mission to provide reliable, honest and excellent tree services. After five years of serving its customers in the Springfield area, they have developed a strong and recurring customer based who have experienced receiving their tree removal, stump removal, and tree trimming services have been very satisfied with the service received. Their team of professionals always ensure to provide expert services and fair prices.

    Those who are interested in learning more about Trufast Tree Service and their various services can check out their website, or contact them on the phone or through email. Or they can check out their social media pages.

    ###

    For more information about Trufast Tree Service, contact the company here:

    Trufast Tree ServiceKyle Theobald(417) 413-4729trufasttreeservice@gmail.com4386 N Farm Rd 159Springfield, MO 65803

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    Trufast Tree Service Reaches 5 Year Milestone in Business - GlobeNewswire

    Projects in Lincoln County look to reduce wildfire risk and support the local economy – themoorecountynews.com - August 12, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    LIBBY, Mont. - With Lincoln County being among the highest with wildfire risks in Montana, work is underway to reduce that risk and support the local community.

    According to the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, state, federal, local and private partners are working to leverage common resources and integrate multiple projects.

    Projects include reducing fuels across land ownerships, updating the Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP), and investments in long-term programs that will help reduce wildfire risk, improve forest health, and support economic benefits for communities in Lincoln County.

    The DNRC says land managers and their partners are welcoming citizen engagement on current or future projects.

    The following is more information on ongoing projects:

    2021 MOU for Cross-boundary Management

    A 2021 Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) between the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and Lincoln County formalized the intent of the agencies to work together to treat priority areas of high wildfire risk to communities as well as invest in manufacturing and local economic opportunities.

    Lincoln County has pursued an intentional, coordinated cross boundary fuel treatment plan in the County for several years, says Commissioner Jerry Bennett, Lincoln County. It is encouraging to see the County and its partners, USFS, DNRC, and NRCS, finalizing a long-term agreement that benefits both private and public lands into the next decade.

    ---

    Lincoln County WUI Shared Stewardship Initiative

    The Lincoln County Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Shared Stewardship Initiative is intended to coordinate efforts across ownership boundaries to increase the pace and scale of active management in the Kootenai National Forest and surrounding areas by expanding an already-existing Good Neighbor Authority (GNA) agreement. The expanded GNA agreement establishes a goal to treat up to 10,000 acres a year in the Kootenai National Forest. The initiative also draws funding from NRCS and USFS State and Private Forestry programs to support treatments on private lands in the WUI.

    Prioritizing fuels treatments on private lands that are in proximity to public lands projects is a major emphasis for the NRCS Eureka Field Office, says Brian Ressel, District Conservationist for NRCS. With the vast amount of timber lands that we have in the county, this approach ensures we are targeting the landscapes and communities with the highest fire risk and the greatest need. Working across fence lines is the only way to make a real impact and it takes strong partnerships across a range of property ownerships to make that happen.

    Cross-boundary work through shared stewardship to reduce wildfire risk and improve forest health on public and private lands is critical to our local communities, says Gary Kedish, Partnership Coordinator for the Kootenai National Forest. Our strong partnerships and future coordination will build on current agency programs and help focus work in priority areas with high wildfire risk.

    ---

    Community Wildfire Protection Plan Update

    Lincoln County and Lincoln County FireSafe Council are working to update the 2013 Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) to align with the most recent information on wildfire risk and the most effective strategies to reduce wildfire risk. The Lincoln County CWPP revision draft, which includes WUI mapping and priority areas for wildfire mitigation work, is entering a public comment period.

    Community Wildfire Protection Plans provide counties with a mechanism to identify areas of local concern regarding wildfire threat to their communities and infrastructure, says Jennifer Nelson, Lincoln County Forester. They also allow the county a voice in the treatment of those areas across ownerships. This voice has been made stronger by the 2021 MOU for Cross-Boundary Management.

    ---

    WUI Strategic Roadmap

    DNRC, in partnership with Kootenai National Forest (KNF), NRCS, and Lincoln County, is working to execute a five-year strategic roadmap to display how projects of agencies and landowners work together to increase the pace and the amount of acreage treated in the Lincoln County WUI to protect homes, infrastructure, and communities. Additionally, the roadmap shows how this collective work will support manufacturing and investment in the forest products industry in Lincoln County.

    Our goal is to help Lincoln County and partner agencies understand wildfire risk to communities and plan actions to reduce that risk, says Steve Kimball, Local Government Forest Advisor

    for the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. The interactive map tool weve created shows fuels reduction projects that are both in-progress and completed on all lands in the Wildland Urban Interface. This tool will help land managers track progressive completion of treatments and identify gaps where future treatments can be planned.

    ---

    Libby Surround Stewardship, 2022 Joint Chiefs Landscape Restoration Project

    The Libby Surround Stewardship Project will treat hazardous fuels on 4,605 acres of land surrounding Libby, Montana. This project is part of an ongoing cross-boundary effort to connect past, present, and future activities in a large project area of 263,026 acres. Partners include Lincoln County, DNRC, American Forest Foundation (AFF), Kootenai Forests to Rivers Initiative (KFRI), Stimson Lumber Company, Lincoln County Firesafe Council, and Kootenai Forest Stakeholders Coalition (KFSC).

    ---

    Kootenai Forests to Rivers Initiative

    KFRI is providing Lincoln County with $430,000 for cost-share grants to help private landowners create defensible space around their homes and reduce fuels on their properties through grant funding awarded through DNRC. Over the past two years, approximately 350 acres of private land have been treated to make homes and neighborhoods in Lincoln County more defensible during wildfire and provide safer escape routes.

    ---

    Kootenai Complex Project

    The Kootenai Complex Project targets priority areas surrounding Libby, Troy, Eureka, Stryker, Fortine and Trego in Lincoln County. The project is one of 10 identified under the federal Initial Landscape Investments plan to address wildfire risk in the western United States. Active management on approximately 7,200 acres is expected to be completed over the next few years. Approximately $19 million is earmarked for the Kootenai project, with $3 million set to be dispersed this year.

    ---

    Rabbit Tracts Project

    The Rabbit Tracts project, located on federal, state, and private lands in the WUI near Troy, Montana, will help protect the community from wildfire and create lines of defense while also improving forest resilience to fire, insects, and disease; reduce fuels; improve water quality; provide forage and security for wildlife; and support the wood products industry. This project is one of the 14 initial investments from Montana Forest Action Plan funding. Restoration activities will include fuels treatments; pre-commercial and commercial timber harvest; prescribed burning; tree and native shrub, grass, and forb planting; and weed treatments.

    ---

    Local Investment in Forest Products industry

    In addition to the federal, state, and local projects, Lincoln County is working to support the forest products industry by investing in manufacturing facilities to support forest restoration goals and the local economy.

    Weve got a real opportunity in Lincoln County to bring infrastructure to our community that will help accomplish forest restoration goals, bring economic stability, and also support our milling and forest products industry, says Mark Peck, Lincoln County Shared Stewardship Coordinator. Healthy forests mean healthy communities and if we can help contribute to a healthy forest through active management while also supporting industry and good jobs, we will take that opportunity.

    More:
    Projects in Lincoln County look to reduce wildfire risk and support the local economy - themoorecountynews.com

    The joys of urban foraging – Deccan Herald - August 12, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    What? Its become a trend? a colleague laughed in disbelief when I told her people are going on foraging walks worldwide, top chefs are cooking with moss and nettles picked from pavements and thickets, and apps are guiding people to free ingredients near them.

    She was familiar with foraging, the practice of collecting food in the wild, which our ancestors depended on before farming arrived and urbanisation flattened natural spaces. Growing up in the 90s, she would see her grandmum run to the backyard of her house in Shivamogga, Karnataka, and return with unfamiliar leaves in the pallu of her saree to make curd-based dishes.

    The growing interest in local food and surroundings has inspired foraging among urban dwellers, more so since the pandemic, says Kerala-based Shruti Tharayil, who organises wild food walks. But many people who migrate from villages and small towns continue to forage in cities, she adds.

    Treasure hunt

    I arrived at a farm in B Hosahalli, a village in Sarjapur hobli in Bengaluru, 5 km short of Tamil Nadu, where mostly Telugu is spoken. I was meeting Suresh Kumar G, an artist-cum-farmer.

    He is trying to revive kitchen gardens and local food, which also made use of weeds plants we toss away from farms, sidewalks, and building cracks because they grow unwanted, uncultivated, when, in fact, many varieties are edible. His project is called Sarjapura Curries.

    Weeds love a good soak and the June rains had brought them to life. Perfect season! he had exclaimed when I called him to ask if he would teach me how to forage. And so it began.

    Suresh walked to an abandoned plot behind his farm. It was overgrown with parthenium. A blue tanker, Mahogany trees and lantanas stood out in the chaos. Suresh stepped in, hands behind his back, shoulder forward, and eyes searching furtively.

    This is aane soppu (celosia), he tapped on a plant to his right. On the left, he spotted kashakku (black nightshade) sprouting at the base of a mound. He hopped over to show its white flowers and green berries that ripen to purple-black. Packaging foil and broken bottles lay half-buried. My feet sank as I lunged forward to see daglakku (wild amaranthus), senchalakku (false amaranthus), kanyakku (Bengal dayflower) and attika mamidakku (horse purslane). They grew under, behind, next to each other. We had barely scanned 10 metres of the two acre-plot.

    A dispute broke out. The leaves of kashakku and amaranthus look the same without flowers, Seema, Sureshs friend accompanying us, said. The leaves on these two kashakku plants look so different, I pointed out. Suresh, can we make out the difference by sniffing? Can we tell the poisonous weeds from the edible ones? I asked.

    Sorry, there are no shortcuts in foraging, Suresh said curtly. You must observe keenly. Practise with people who have done it. Develop a visual memory as plants look different at each stage (sprouting, before flowering, and after flowering/growing thorns) and every plant has different variants in the wild. I have spotted seven types of wild amaranthus in the village.

    Consumption also differs. People prefer the lakebed variety of hongane (joyweed) as it is more tender and nutritious. It is so tasty that people cook it exclusively. As opposed to pulsakku (oxalis) that is used moderately in mixed curry. It is a ground cover weed instantly recognisable by its heart-shaped leaves.

    Suresh is not a botanist but has learnt foraging from his aunts and women who graze cattle in the village, who learnt it from an earlier generation. Even within joint families, women who stay at home and cook cant identify weeds while women who go foraging can, he explained.

    After surviving ant bites, catching ladybugs, discovering that tender shoots and flowers of touch me not are edible, I asked Suresh if his family foraged because it put free greens on the table. My aunts would forage weeds because they gave nutrition and immunity to the family season after season, he replied.

    Taste was secondary as most greens are cooked as one-pot, mixed curries, he said as he pulled budaaku (balloon vine) out of a thicket. He burst a dried fruit to reveal the beautiful white seed with a black heart motif. Balloon vine is good for joint pain, he said. Our eyes fell on uttarani (rough chaff) with holey leaves. If insects are eating, its not poisonous, Suresh said.

    As we trudged back, he spotted two varieties of pal mullangakku (similar to Dandelion) and quipped different communities eat different varieties. But the rules of foraging were consistent harvest baby leaves from the top, and tender stems.

    He located 15 edible weeds at the plot and at his wild farm. There, Seema ate the yellow bud of vanmugali and her mouth went numb. Say hello to the toothache reliever, we teased.

    I have identified some 25 edible weeds around the village. There used to be more but modern farming practices like removing the weeds and cultivating all year and change in land use have affected their growth cycle, he rued. Weeds were indestructible, I had thought! Weeds thrive in sites that have a natural flow of water, air, soil and seed dispersal, he said. So where do you find such sites in a city?

    Lets practise

    I arrived at Jakkur Lake at 6.50 am. I inspected the grass cover and shrubs flanking the walkway leisurely as I waited for Suresh. Both my gait and gaze were different from those of the walkers huffing and puffing to get in shape. They looked at me suspiciously. I decided to chill. I clicked selfies and trashed emails.

    Suresh arrived. The lake was to our right and we were walking to the left. We crossed flowers, trees, fallen leaves, lawn grass, but found no weeds. Blame it on the beautification of lakes, he commented.

    Suddenly, he crouched down near a manhole cover. I opened my phone camera. Walkers did a double take at us. See, joyweed, amaranthus, and spinach have sprouted around it. They must have desilted the drain. Such soil carries seeds, he surmised. We would pass more manhole covers dotted with weeds!

    A little ahead, he forayed into a tree cover and plucked some pulsakku for us. We rubbed it clean and bit into its tanginess. Our breakfast for the day, I joked. But Suresh, can we pick weeds from lakesides? I lowered my voice to ask because Americas-go-to-forager Steve Brill was arrested for allegedly eating a dandelion he had plucked in New Yorks Central Park, I had read.

    A little is fine, Suresh thinks. To my relief, an old man appeared, holding big bunches of balloon vine. We grind it in dosa batter. It is good for joint pain, he said. Sir, next time, dontuproot the plant. Take the tendrils, Suresh told him gently.

    Balloon vine was in abundance so was the shrub bearing wild passion fruit. Suresh plucked the tiny, sweet, orange fruits for a couple to try. I saw another orange fruit here. But Google Lens flagged it as poisonous, the woman said. Dont try until community people call it safe, Suresh cautioned them.

    We were late for Destination 2. As we waited for our cab, Suresh spotted some punarnava (spreading hogweed) on the roadside and then jumped behind concrete debris to admire kar kodullu (cape dates).

    The cab pulled over at the National Centre For Biological Sciences (NCBS) in Kodigehalli. This campus, as also that of the adjoining GKVK (Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra), are lush and wooded. Surely, they must be rich in weeds? We spotted pulsakku on the manicured lawns of NCBS and that was that.

    GKVK is full of tall trees, growing densely. You dont find many weeds under tree cover because they hog the sunlight, he explained. We did spot a few along the sidewalks but Suresh felt it was not diverse enough for an agricultural studies centre.

    Our last stopover at Cubbon Park, the green lung of Bengaluru, was short because it had started pouring. We could trace colocasia, pulsakku, joyweed and kashakku near the water treatment plant. The park was too tamed for any wild growth, Suresh moaned as we concluded our 13 km-foraging walk.

    Doing it solo

    Three weeks later, I was back at the abandoned plot behind Sureshs farm to forage alone.

    For two days, I had zoomed the weed photos in and out several times to study veins, margins, gloss and texture of the leaves, the colour and shape of the stalks, and the position of the flowers. I had also mugged up names senchalakku reminded me of the song Chinchinakki babla boo from the '90s sitcom 'Just Mohabbat'.

    The test began and Neelima Ramesh, a permaculturist volunteering on Sureshs farm, was my invigilator. Seven minutes up nothing. Pulsakku was my breakout moment. Kashakku gave me a hard time. An orange mushroom was a surprise. At the end of the viva, I had identified 12 of the 15 edible weeds I had harvested, Suresh confirmed. But I hadnt picked the tender parts, he cut my celebration short.

    Time for a treat

    Suresh had invited his auntSunandamma and her daughter-in-law Lakshmi to prepare a lunch spread with local weeds. We needed a substantial amount for cooking, so Suresh, Neelima, my photographer colleague, and I scooted to a wild patch a kilometre away only to find it had been ploughed! Thank god, we had Suresh, the experienced forager, on our side.

    If local weeds have become fewer, the number of dishes made from them must have fallen or their taste. Not much. Because we make mixed curries, no? the daughter-in-law said.

    A rat snake zipped by as we sat down to eat. We could not care. We were hungry. Everything from the bassaru (stock of the cooked greens) to palya (stir fry) tasted heavenly with red rice. Thats more than 20 weeds on your plate, Suresh said.

    This is so tasty, so why dont locals forage as often as they used to 20 years ago, I wondered. Do you realise it took us one-and-a-half hours to forage for one meal? Suresh said.

    Been there, done that

    A colleague grew up in Manila, a village near Mangaluru. After school, she would take a detour with her friends through a hilly patch to feast on wild fruits. Since jamun would stain our teeth purple, we would immediately eat a fruit we locally call kepula hannu. It would remove the stain, she said, explaining how she hid her escapades from her parents.

    Foraging isnt always like instant grocery delivery. It requires patience. Monsoon is half over and my friend Kavita Chatar, from the Ho tribe in Jharkhand, hasnt yet found potke. These are pebble-like mushrooms that grow underground, mostly near the roots of sal. You scrape the soil randomly to find potke (also called rugda). Some women, Im told, know the secret but they keep it within the family, says the web developer. We make a chicken gravy-like dish with it. Its the tastiest mushroom.

    Imran loves to forage and cook when he is leading treks He is currently enjoying lingde (fiddlehead ferns), bichu saag (stinging nettle) and chenu (mushrooms) that show up near streams, on roadsides, and inside the woods when it rains in Uttarakhand, where he is from. They go in salads, sauteed dishes and curries. I have learnt foraging from fellow villagers. See, there are two varieties of bichu saag. If you eat the one with bigger leaves, its a direct ticket to god, he says, guffawing.

    Our ancestors would try the jungle food on cats in the house first to determine if it was safe, said Dawa Lhendup lepcha from Dzongu valley in Sikkim, reserved for its oldest tribe, Lepcha. An awkward silence followed but Dawa moved on to a foraging ritual. In my grandparents time, people would make up riddles to bring attention to 'pukzik', a fern they would strip the stalk of, dry, grind to make rotis during famines. Calling it by name could rot the fern, they believed.

    My questions drew blank responses from Bengalureans, young and old. Where is the wilderness? most rolled their eyes. That was until a colleague said, I forage in abandoned plots around my house in BTM Layout on Sundays. My daughter comes along."

    Beginners guide

    Books: Edible Weeds and Naturally Growing Plants in Auroville by Nina Sengupta, and Weeds as Food and Medicine by Hector Andrade and Lancelot DCruz.

    Instagram pages: sarjapura_curries, forgottengreens, geeta_4u, odiafoodstories, paticheri, plantswalksgoa.official, chef_anumitra, harame.co,thesaagarchive, greensofkanakapura.

    Dont forage near sewage drains or polluted roads or on private premises. Dont uproot plants (take a little at a time as animals and insects need food too). Dont eat anything unless elders or experts say it is safe.

    (Recommended by Shruti Tharayil, who educates people about foraging)

    View original post here:
    The joys of urban foraging - Deccan Herald

    Toxicodendron – Wikipedia - January 25, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Genus of plants

    Toxicodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It contains trees, shrubs and woody vines, including poison ivy, poison oak, and the lacquer tree. All members of the genus produce the skin-irritating oil urushiol, which can cause a severe allergic reaction. The generic name is derived from the Greek words (toxikos), meaning "poison," and (dendron), meaning "tree".[2] The best known members of the genus in North America are poison ivy (T. radicans), practically ubiquitous throughout most of eastern North America, and western poison oak (T. diversilobum), similarly ubiquitous throughout much of the western part of the continent.

    The genus is a member of the Rhus complex, and has at various times been categorized as being either its own genus or a sub-genus of Rhus.[3] There is evidence which points to keeping Toxicodendron as a separate monophyletic genus, but researchers have stated that the Toxicodendron and Rhus groups are complex and require more study to be fully understood.[4]

    Plants in the genus have pinnately compound, alternate leaves and whitish or grayish drupes. They are quite variable in appearance. The leaves may have smooth, toothed, or lobed edges, and all three types of leaf edges may be present in a single plant. The plants grow as creeping vines, climbing vines, shrubs, or, in the case of lacquer tree (T. vernicifluum) and poison sumac (T. vernix), as trees. While leaves of poison ivy and poison oaks usually have three leaflets, sometimes there are five or, occasionally, even seven leaflets. Leaves of poison sumac have 713 leaflets, and of Lacquer Tree, 719 leaflets.

    The common names come from similar appearances to other species that are not closely related and to the allergic response to the urushiol. Poison oak is not an oak (Quercus, family Fagaceae), but this common name comes from the leaves' resemblance to white oak (Quercus alba) leaves, while poison ivy is not an ivy (Hedera, family Araliaceae), but has a superficially similar growth form. Technically, the plants do not contain a poison; they contain a potent allergen.

    The resins of certain species native to Japan, China and other Asian countries, such as lacquer tree (T. vernicifluum) and wax tree (T. succedaneum), are used to make lacquer, and, as a byproduct of lacquer manufacture, their berries are used to make japan wax.

    In East Asia, in particular in Japan, traditional candle fuel was produced from Toxicodendron vernicifluum (synonym: Rhus verniciflua) and Toxicodendron succedaneum (synonym: Rhus succedanea), among other sumac plants in the genus Toxicodendron, rather than beeswax or animal fats. The sumac wax was a byproduct of traditional Japanese lacquer manufacture. The conical rousoku candles produced from sumac wax burn with smokeless flame and were favored in many respects over candles made from lard or beeswax during the Tokugawa shogunate. Japan wax is not a true wax but a solid fat that contains 10-15% palmitin, stearin, and olein with about 1% japanic acid (1,21-heneicosanedioic acid). It is still used in many tropical and subtropical countries in the production of wax match sticks.

    For specific information on prevention and treatment of Toxicodendron rashes, see Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.

    Originally posted here:
    Toxicodendron - Wikipedia

    Tabernanthe iboga – Wikipedia - January 25, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Species of plant

    Tabernanthe iboga (iboga) is a perennial rainforest shrub native to Central Africa. An evergreen bush indigenous to Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Republic of Congo, it is cultivated across Central Africa.

    In African traditional medicine and rituals, the yellowish root or bark is used to produce hallucinations and near-death outcomes, with some fatalities occurring.[3][4] In high doses, ibogaine is considered to be toxic, and has caused serious comorbidities when used with opioids or prescription drugs.[3][5] The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) lists ibogaine as a controlled substance of the Controlled Substances Act.[3]

    Iboga is native to tropical forests, preferring moist soil in partial shade.[3] It bears dark green, narrow leaves and clusters of white tubular flowers on an erect and branching stem, with yellow-orange fruits resembling an olive.[3]

    Normally growing to a height of 2m, T. iboga may eventually grow into a small tree up to 10m tall, given the right conditions. The flowers are yellowish-white or pink and followed by a fruit, orange at maturity, that may be either globose or fusiform. Its yellow-fleshed roots contain a number of indole alkaloids, most notably ibogaine, which is found in the highest concentration in the root-bark. The root material, bitter in taste, causes a degree of anaesthesia in the mouth as well as systemic numbness of the skin.[6]

    Tabernanthe iboga was described by Henri Ernest Baillon and published in Bulletin Mensuel de la Socit Linnenne de Paris 1: 783 in the year 1889. The plant even though was discovered and used long before in central Africa as a cultural plant.

    The genus name Tabernanthe is a compound of the Latin taberna, "tavern"/"hut"/"(market) stall" and Greek: (anthos) "flower" giving a literal meaning of "tavern flower". On the other hand, it may equally well have been intended (by way of a type of botanical shorthand) to mean "having a flower resembling that of plants belonging to the genus Tabernaemontana " (q.v.). If the first conjecture is the correct one, the name could also have been intended to suggest that the plant is cultivated near huts, sold at market stalls or even that like the beverages sold at a tavern the plant is intoxicating, all of which alternatives would constitute apt descriptions of an oft-cultivated and popular psychoactive plant. The specific name iboga is simply one of a number of similar names given to the plant in its native Gabon.[7]

    The first (probable...and confused) reference to Iboga is that of Bowdich in chapter 13 of his "Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee..." of 1819

    The Eroga, a favourite but violent medicine, is no doubt a fungus, for they describe it as growing on a tree called the Ocamboo, when decaying; they burn it first, and take as much as would lay on a shilling.

    If this is indeed a reference to the drug derived from Tabernanthe iboga (Eroga appears to be a variant form of the names iboga and eboka) it is, of course, grossly in error in its assumption that iboga is not a plant but a fungus. Notable however is the observation of the potency of the drug effective in small quantities. The description of the plant as growing on a tree is puzzling: Tabernanthe iboga does not usually grow as an epiphyte if at all.[8][9]

    The ritual use of iboga in Africa was first reported by French and Belgian explorers in the 19th century, beginning with the work of French naval surgeon and explorer of Gabon Griffon du Bellay,[10] who identified it correctly as a shrub belonging to the Apocynaceae as recorded in a short essay by Charles Eugne Aubry-Lecomte on the plant poisons of West Africa, published in the year 1864.

    Parmi les plantes rares ou nouvelles rapportes par le docteur Griffon du Bellay, la famille des apocynes contient encore deux poisons; l'un, nomm iboga, n'est toxique qu' hautes doses et a l'tat frais. Pris en petit quantit, il est aphrodisiaque et stimulante du systeme nerveux; les guerriers et chasseurs en font grand usage pour se tenir veills dans les affts de nuit; de mme que pour le M'boundou, le principe actif rside dans la racine qu'on mche comme la coca.

    [ Translation: Among the rare or new plants brought back by Dr. Griffon du Bellay, the plant family Apocynaceae contains two further poisons; the first of these, called Iboga, is only toxic in high doses and in the fresh state. Taken in small quantities, it is an aphrodisiac and stimulant of the (central) nervous system; warriors and hunters make considerable use of it in order to stay awake during their night vigils; as with the (plant) M'boundou, the active principle (of Iboga) resides in the root which is chewed like coca (leaf) ].[11]

    Indole alkaloids, which make up about 6% of the root chemical composition of iboga,[3] include:

    The Iboga tree is central to the Bwiti spiritual practices in West-Central Africa, mainly Gabon, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo, where the alkaloid-containing roots or bark are used in various ceremonies to create a near-death experience.[3] Iboga is taken in massive doses by initiates of this spiritual practice, and on a more regular basis is eaten in smaller doses in connection with rituals and tribal dances performed at night. Bwitists have been subject to persecution by Catholic missionaries.[3]

    In lower doses, iboga has a stimulant effect and is used to maintain alertness while hunting.[12][13]

    Anecdotal reports of self-treated opioid addicts indicated a reduced desire to sustain opiate abuse following iboga ingestion.[3] Since 1970, iboga has been legally prohibited in the United States following several fatalities.[3][4] Iboga extracts, as well as the purified alkaloid ibogaine, have attracted attention because of their purported ability to reverse addiction to drugs such as alcohol and opiates.[3]

    Ibogaine is classified as a schedule 1 controlled substance in the United States, and is not approved there for addiction treatment (or any other therapeutic use) because of its hallucinogenic and cardiovascular side effects, as well as the absence of safety and efficacy data in human subjects.[3][5] In most other countries, it remains unregulated and unlicensed.[14]

    Independent ibogaine treatment clinics have emerged in Mexico, Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, and New Zealand, all operating in what has been described as a "legal gray area".[14][15] Covert, illegal neighborhood clinics are also known to exist in the United States, despite active DEA surveillance.[13] Addiction specialists warn that the treatment of drug dependence with ibogaine in non-medical settings, without expert supervision and unaccompanied by appropriate psychosocial care, can be dangerous and, in approximately one case in 300, potentially fatal.[3][15]

    Iboga is outlawed or restricted in Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Croatia, France,[16] Sweden, and Switzerland. In the United States, ibogaine is classified by the Controlled Substances Act on the list of schedule I drugs,[3] although the plant itself remains unscheduled.

    Non-profit organization Freningen fr hollistisk missbruksvrd is trying to convince the Swedish government to start up clinical investigations of its anti-addictive properties, loosen up the prohibition law against ibogaine, and allow the creation of treatment facilities in Sweden.[17]

    Exportation of iboga from Gabon is illegal since the passage of a 1994 cultural protection law.[18]

    While little data is available on the exploitation and existing habitat of the iboga plant, the destructive effects of harvesting and slow growth could have already severely damaged the wild iboga population.[19]

    Plant in fruit: fusiform-fruited form.

    Read more:
    Tabernanthe iboga - Wikipedia

    13 Common Maple Tree Problems and Diseases – Dengarden - January 25, 2022 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Charlotte formerly worked as an editor of a garden channel and has extensive knowledge of plant care.

    What's wrong with my maple tree?

    When I worked as an editor of a gardening channel, people often asked me how to identify and address common maple tree pests, diseases, and problems. While maple trees can suffer from a number of general problems, verticillium wilt seems to be the most common and dangerous disease plaguing maple tree owners.

    The fungi that cause verticillium wilt affect the tree's vascular system and cause symptoms of wilting and yellowing leaves that are concentrated in one particular area. Failure to control verticillium wilt can kill your tree, so it is important to correctly identify the disease and quickly remedy the problem.

    Whether you don't have any idea what anthracnose is or you don't know how to identify lichen, you'll find all the common issues below to help you understand what's plaguing your tree and how to treat the problem.

    Maple tree tar spot

    Black spots and discoloration on leaves

    Low (cosmetic)

    Fungi

    Late summer and autumn

    Clean up leaf debris around the tree's base

    Anthracnose

    Leaves that curl around a dead-looking brown spot, tan or brown spots near the leaves' veins, cankers, dying young branches, and premature leaf loss

    Low (cosmetic)

    Fungi

    Late spring to early summer; especially prevalent during wet periods

    Keep tree from sitting in moisture; rake leaf debris; prune affected branches

    Sooty mold

    Powdery black mold covering leaves

    Low (cosmetic)

    Fungi, or plant and insect secretions

    N/A

    May require treatment of bugs that carry the fungus; can be brushed off

    Lichens

    Appearance is all over the place and can be dictated by region, weather, and other factors

    Low (but can indicate more severe diseases)

    Composite organism made of fungi and algae

    N/A

    Can usually just lift lichens off of the tree; may also prune branches that have it

    Verticillium wilt

    Wilting or yellowing leaves, often concentrated to one area or side of the tree

    Moderate to severe (can kill tree)

    Soil-bound fungi

    July and August, particularly seen after a dry and hot summer

    Plant resistant strains, remove the diseased tree, and/or fumigate the soil

    Root rot

    Symptoms vary wildly; often looks like mushrooms, can be cankers

    Severe (usually lethal)

    Mold

    Wet seasons

    Call an arborist immediately. The tree likely needs to be removed and destroyed.

    Sapstreak

    Dieback generally around the crown; external signs appear long after the tree has been infected

    Severe (affects tree's innards)

    Fungi

    Late spring and early summer

    Try to prevent the roots from getting damaged or wounded; some trees recover for no apparent reason

    Phyllosticta mimima (maple leaf spot)

    Ten to brown spots with a purple or red center

    Low (cosmetic)

    Fungi

    Spring

    Remove leaf debris. General tree maintenance. Plant resistant strains.

    Powdery mildew

    a fine powder-like mildew that covers leaves; white-ish in color

    Low (cosmetic)

    Fungi

    Summer; thrives in greenhouse-like conditions (humid and hot)

    You can brush the mildew off or apply horticultural oils.

    Scorch

    Dry, brown leaves

    Low (cosmetic)

    Weather conditions such as low moisture, high temperatures, and dry wind

    Summer

    Ensure that tree is well watered; apply mulch to help with water retention

    Maple mosaic

    White to yellow discoloration that's often kaleidoscopic looking

    Low (cosmetic)

    Virus

    Summer (thought to be spread by the whitefly, whose population peaks in the summer)

    There are no treatments. In fact, some people cultivate for this.

    Pear thrips

    Winged brown insects that are about the size of a nickel or smaller

    Low (usually only damage foliage)

    Insects

    April through May

    No known treatments.

    Galls

    Large number of varieties; usually look like black, red, brown, or green abnormalities such as a pimple or a needle

    Low (cosmetic)

    Mites

    Seasons vary by type and mite

    Some people have claimed to have success with pesticides and miticides, but this remains to be scientifically proven.

    Two examples of tar leaf on a maple.

    The maple tree tar spot is fairly easy to identify. It's caused by a fungal pathogen in the genus Rhytisma. While this affects maple trees in general, it especially targets Norway, silver, and sugar varieties. Tar spot will not kill your trees, but it's unsightly and can cause them to drop their leaves before the fall season.

    The spots first appear as small yellow spots in June. Then, they progress to the black spots on the leaves you see above. Their size ranges from one-eighth of an inch to an inch or more in diameter on the Norway Maple. The spots can also appear on the seeds (samaras).

    The fungus winters over on fallen leaves. If the leaves are not raked up in the fall, the fungal spores will reappear in the spring and spread to nearby trees. Treating the trees is usually not effective because the spores can travel from a neighbor's tree onto yours.

    If your tree has these spots, which then causes leaves to curl in mid-July, it may have a different disease called Anthracnose.

    Anthracnose on Maple Leaves

    Charlotte Gerber

    Anthracnose is commonly mistaken for tar spot. However, it inflicts much more extensive damage because it affects both the leaves and the branches. You'll find many more spots on the leaves that are typically smaller than the 1/8" tar spots.

    This condition typically occurs when trees experience long periods of cold, wet weather. The affected areas may show small, dark spots and irregularly-shaped leaves with dead or brown areas. The leaves usually fall off in the early spring, followed by a second set of leaves which also die off. The branches can also develop cankers, which often strip them of their bark and kill them.

    The disease continues when fungal spores over winter in dead leaves and infect trees during a prolonged wet spring. Once a tree is infected, the disease survives the winter in infected branches and then spread when the wind carries its spores to surrounding trees.

    Anthracnose can be controlled by removing dead leaves from the base of your trees in the fall. You can also apply fungicide, but you may need a commercial application depending on the size and number of trees that may be affected. You can call your local Cooperative Extension office to see what fungicides are legal in your state.

    While sooty mold mainly affects plants and trees that honeydew-secreting insects love, the mold can also effect maples.

    Scot Nelson

    Sooty mold feeds on the sticky honeydew left by aphids and scale insects, which can sometimes be found on maple trees. You'll know it's this mold if it rubs off easily on your fingers when you touch it.

    The good news is that sooty mold won't kill your tree and can be easily treated. Try using a gardening mix that works to protect plants. Make sure to follow the instructions carefully and apply it at the base of the tree to ensure the roots absorb the mix ingredients. This method should also prevent reinfection for up to one year.

    The University of Hawai'i has created an amazing PDF that explains the mold's lifecycle and is complete with many photos of the mold.

    Lichens on a Maple Tree

    Read the original post:
    13 Common Maple Tree Problems and Diseases - Dengarden

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