Landscape architecture, the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other planned green outdoor spaces. Landscape gardening is used to enhance nature and to create a natural setting for buildings, towns, and cities. It is one of the decorative arts and is allied to architecture, city planning, and horticulture.

A brief treatment of landscape architecture follows. For full treatment, see garden and landscape design.

Britannica Quiz

The Most Perfect Refreshment: A Garden Quiz

Which of the following was a feature of many 18th-century European gardens?

Landscape architects begin with the natural terrain and enhance, re-create, or alter existing landforms. Garden generally connotes a smaller, more intensively cultivated area, frequently created around a domestic building or other small structure. Landscape denotes a larger area such as a park, urban area, campus, or roadside.

Trees, bushes, shrubs, hedges, flowers, grasses, water (lakes, streams, ponds, and cascades), and rocks are used to alter or create a pleasing natural setting. Such artificial devices as decks, terraces, plazas, pavement, fences, gazebos, and fountains are also used. The importance of man-made components relative to natural components varies according to the designer, the purpose of the particular site, and the prevailing culture and fashion.

Garden and landscape designs can vary conceptually between classical/symmetrical and natural/romantic, formality and informality, utility and pleasure, and private and public. An enclosed patio garden with tubs, baskets of plants, and paving contrasts with the large natural garden popular in 18th-century England, where man-made elements were less visible.

A garden or landscapes aesthetic aspects include form, plants, colour, scent, size, climate, and function. Gardens need continual maintenance in order to keep weeds and other unwanted natural phenomena from asserting themselves. Gardens change with the seasons and climate and with their plants cycle of growth and decay.

Historically, gardens have been designed more for private than for public pleasure. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans each evolved their own characteristic garden designs. Hadrians Villa, near Tivoli, Italy, contains a vast pleasure garden that had great influence on subsequent designs. The Italian Renaissance developed formal gardens in which the outdoor landscape was considered an extension of a building. The 16th-century Villa dEste at Tivoli is a remarkable example.

In the 17th century Andr le Ntre, influenced by the Italian Renaissance, created for Louis XIV of France gardens at Versailles in which symmetry, vistas, and grandiose fountains predominated. Such a design was much copied and perhaps matched human dominance over natural landscape. These classical gardens are beautiful but immaculate, formal, hard, elaborate, and logical, with straight lines, circles, trees, and hedges tamed into geometric shapes and with compartmentalized beds for flowers. They are extensions of contemporary architecture.

In 18th-century England the Earl of Burlington and the landscape gardeners William Kent, Lancelot Capability Brown, and Humphrey Repton brought about a change whereby a natural philosophy of garden design began to recommend the irregular and informal. Late in the century artificial ruins and grottoes were cultivated as picturesque accessories. Famous examples include the gardens at Rousham, Stowe, and Stourhead. In the 19th century in the United States the leading figure in garden and landscape design was Frederick Law Olmsted.

In the East a completely separate tradition of landscape gardening evolved, starting in China and spreading via Korea to Japan. The Oriental attitude to the garden was closely linked to religious traditions. The garden was designed to induce a certain state of mind and enhance a distinctive perception. Nature predominated over man-made symmetry. Rocks were especially important and in Japanese gardens were religious symbols. The scale tended to be smaller than in Western gardens, with emphasis on tiny details. Water, trees, and bridges were vital elements. The Japanese tea garden was supposed to induce a suitable mood in the person approaching a teahouse to participate in the tea ceremony. Oriental landscape gardening, particularly Japanese, has exerted considerable influence on modern Western designs.

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Landscape architecture | Britannica.com

Phillip Fernberg

MLA 20192018 Olmsted Scholar Nominee

Phillip Fernberg, 2018 Olmsted Scholar Nominee, chose to pursue landscape architecture because the practice allows him to literally make apositive (and hopefullybeautiful) impact on the world!

Phillip was nominated by the landscape architecture faculty to be an Olmsted Scholar because of his impressive resume and character, according to Robert Reich School of Landscape Architecture Director Mark Boyer. The Landscape Architecture FoundationsOlmsted Scholars Programrecognizes and supports students with exceptional leadership potential who are using ideas, influence, communication, service, and leadership to advance sustainable design and foster human and societal benefits.

Phillip describes himself as an aspiring designer, philomath, urbanist, and travel junkie. Though he has interests in many areas, his overall focus has always been to make a lasting impact through his work. As of late I have become fascinated with urban design,ecological restoration, and plants in particular, he said.

He grew up in Murrieta, California. He has a BA in Latin American Studies with minors in Scandinavian Studies and Urban Planning from Brigham Young University. He worked in the entertainment and hospitality industries before coming to LSU to study landscape architecture.

I chose LSU because of the people! He said. Its not often that you find a program where everyone you meet is approachable and genuinely cares about your success. The Robert Reich School of Landscape Architecture embodies such a community.

At LSU Phillip has worked on projects including Reacquaintance: LSU Quad Redesign, a proposal to reacquaint the three-acre space on campus with student needs, after site inventory and analysis that included student interviews to inform the recommendations. He also worked on the Catfish Square: The Re-Emergence of the Street Market in Baton Rouge proposal that reimagines a vacant lot as a neighborhood street market. View Phillips online portfolio.

Phillip has diverse interests and experiences outside of his scholarly pursuits. He loves surfing a nod to his southern California roots. He worked for a number of years as an entertainer, playing music for restaurants, character performing at Disney World, and hosting events aboard passenger ships for Princess Cruises, to name a few. Thats my party trick I guess? He laughed.

In the future he hopes to make a career as a design generalist he doesnt intend to limit himself to just one field. Whether its residential design at a private firm, regional planning for the National Park Service, or managing international development projects abroad, I want to work in every sector on every possible type of project at every possible scale.

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Landscape Architecture | COLLEGE OF ART & DESIGN

The first 3D zebra crossing in the UK has been paintedon a road in north-west London in an effort to improve road safety in the area. More

Toronto firms Public Work and Greenberg Consultants have completed a new park underneath the city's Gardiner Expressway, to provide "a vital artery for pedestrians and cyclists". More

Architecture firmSkidmore, Owings & Merrill has revealed plans to transform a former industrial site in Chicago into a "new urban destination". More

Anold coastal fortification in Cape Townhas been transformed into an urban park,skatepark and garden by South African studio DHK. More

In this Opinion column, Charles A Birnbaum looks back at the highs and lows of landscape architectureover the past year, and predicts that the discipline will continue to blur with other urban fields in 2019. More

The Walk Above the Vineyards is a circular ramp designed by architecture studioKeeo4design, which offers an elevated view over the vineyards in theCzech Republic's South Moravian Region. More

A salt marsh and a cantilevered viewing platform are among the features in an extensive new park that stretches along the East River in Long Island City, Queens. More

Sponge Mountain is a proposal by architectAngelo Renna for a 90-metre-high mound of soil, which would absorbcarbon dioxide from the air in Turin. More

American firms Marlon Blackwell Architects and James Corner Field Operations have renovated a vast park in Tennessee that once served as a farm where prisoners worked. More

Landscape architects need to fly the flag for their profession if they are to receive the recognition they rightly demand and deserve, says Charles A Birnbaum. More

The American Society of Landscape Architects has announced its top new landscape architecture projects in the US, including a remote art centre in Montana, the bustling Chicago Riverwalk, and an 85-acre park along the Brooklyn waterfront. More

Photographer Stephan Zirwes uses drones to shoot aerial views of publicswimming pools, in a bid to make people appreciate the value of freeswimming facilities. More

London mayor Sadiq Khan has denounced Westminster Council for blocking a proposal to pedestrianiseOxford Street. More

US studio James Corner Field Operations has created apublic parkon the waterfront site around the former Domino Sugar Factory in Brooklyn, featuring a sunbathing spot, an industrial-style playground and a taco stand. More

With BIG's Amager Bakke Waste-To-Energy Plant due to open in Copenhagen later this year, this movie in our Dezeen x MINI Living series explores how its year-round rooftop ski slope designed by SLA Architects was conceived. More

A "digital garden" and "reflective lens" are among the four winning concepts in a competition seeking ideas forOld Street roundabout in London. More

Australian architect Marshall Blecher and Magnus Maarbjerg from Danish design studio Fokstrot have teamed up to create a wooden island, floating in Copenhagen harbour. More

Dutch landscape architect Peter Veenstra has revealed plans to build a plant-covered bamboo sphere inCape Town's Luthuli Plaza, providing an extra venue for next year'sDesign Indabaconference. More

A memorial to the founder of a corn-processing facility in Jalisco sits at the heart of this complex designed by Mexican architecture firm Atelier Ars. More

Architecture firm BIG has updated its plans for the revitalisation of the Smithsonian Institution campus in the US capital, after the initial designs sparked opposition. More

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Landscape architecture | Dezeen

Pursuant to 2017 Wisconsin Act 278, beginning August 1, 2018, prior to submitting an application for a credential, an individual may apply to the Department for a determination of whether the individual would be disqualified from obtaining the credential due to his or her conviction record. To apply for a predetermination, please fill out Form #3085 and submit all required documentation specified on the form. Pursuant to Wis. Stat. 111.335(4)(e), the offenses or kinds of offenses that may result in a refusal, bar, or termination of licensure are published under Additional Resources on the left side of this page.

Fee Reduction

Pursuant to 2017 Wisconsin Act 319, beginning August 1, 2018, an applicant for an initial credential may apply for a reduction of the initial credential fee that is equal to 10% of the initial fee. Qualification is based on the federal adjusted gross income being at or below 180% of the federal poverty guideline prescribed for the applicant's family household size by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. To determine eligibility please visit the United States Department of Health and Human Services website at https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines, prior to submitting Form 3217.

Per Wisconsin State Statutes 440.08 (2), the required renewal date for the Landscape Architect credential is 07/31/evenyears. Should you receive your initial credential in the months leading up to this date, you are still required to renew your license by the statutorily defined date.

Registration Seals: As a credential holder with this Board, you are required to obtain a personal registration seal in compliance with the specifications outlined in Wis. Admin. Code A-E 2.02. It is the credential holder's responsibility to obtain a seal, which should only include the numbers before the dash (i.e. 30666-006, 8178-005). The inner circle area of the seal must include the credential holder's name, credential number, and the city and state where the credential holder resides or is employed. This information serves as a basis for locating the credential holder and should be the same as the mailing address on file with the Board office (i.e. if the credential holder's address is Memphis, TN, then Memphis, TN must be placed on the inner circle).

Questions regarding the submission of plans for state approval should be directed to the Safety and Buildings Division of DSPS at (608) 266-3151.

A bachelor's degree in landscape architecture or a master's degree in landscape architecture and at least 2 years of practical experience in landscape architecture of a character satisfactory to the examining board, or a specific record of at least 7 years of training and experience in the practice of landscape architecture including at least 2 years of courses in landscape architecture approved by the examining board, and 4 years of practical experience in landscape architecture of a character satisfactory to the examining board.

If you do not have an accredited degree, you will need to completeApplication for the Landscape Architect Examination (Form #2187) to obtain pre-approval.

Submit application Form #2288, supporting documentation and fee and evidence that you have completed at least 24 hours of continuing education in the 2 years immediately prior to your application according to Wis. Admin. Code 11.03.

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DSPS Landscape Architect

The actual term landscape architecture became common after 1863 when Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux designed New York's Central Park. Today, landscape architects blend science and art, vision and thought to understand how the environment works and determine how to deal with the increasingly complex relationships between the built and natural environments.

Landscape Architects work with the man-made and natural environment to create wildlife habitats, innovative spaces, install sustainable infrastructure and thriving communities. Landscape Architects work in urban and rural landscapes and require the use of design, technical skills, management, ecology, problem solving and innovation across multiple projects and tasks.

The main disciplines within landscape architecture are landscape design, landscape planning, landscape management, urban design and academia. A professional landscape architect has the skills and training to combine art and design and to consider physical, social, economic, political and cultural factors to generate creative solutions for our urban and natural environments.

Expertise is required across design, geography, science, engineering, art, horticulture, technology, social sciences, politics, history, philosophy, project management and contract law.

Landscape architects may be employed to plan, design and project manage for public and private spaces such as single and multi residential areas, public parks, playgrounds, university and government campuses, shopping centers, golf courses, waterways, public gardens, roads and highways and industrial parks. Other areas of work include visual impact assessment, expert witness, natural and resource management, parks and wildlife, urban regeneration, townscapes and streetscapes.

Landscape Architecture is an important career because it helps make the world more livable, protect the environment and has a focus on creativity and design.

Landscape Architects work for government, councils, developers, contractors, major landowners and local authorities. Projects may be of a small neighborhood scale or city region scale.

Landscape architects work in offices, studios, and outdoors. While most of the actual drawing of designs takes place in an office environment, landscape architects must also visit clients to assess sites - and gather information on soil type, pre-existing vegetation and the shape of the land. Landscape architects generally work standard office hours, however when working with deadlines they may also have to work weekends and evenings. Landscape architects often work as part of a team and also have to interact with clients, other architects, engineers, community members, contractors, and anyone else involved with a particular project.

The median salary range for a Landscape Architect is $64,180 USD per year or $30.86 per hour. Employment for Landscape Architecture is growing at a rate 14% higher than the average growth for all occupations. This growth is largely due to the planning and development of new projects globally and redevelopment of existing landscapes to accommodate increased growth.

Table data taken from BLS (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes171012.htm)

Landscape Architects require a minimum of a Bachelor's degree in Landscape Architecture. A graduate degree in Landscape Architecture is also required to build and develop in this career.

Landscape Architects are also required to practice as a Landscape Architect. This licensing varies in each country. In the US, the Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards (CLARB) develops and administers licenses, and also maintains current information on the various states' licensing requirements.

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How to Become a Landscape Architect - EnvironmentalScience

Richard Zimmer, Partner and Principal Landscape Architect, leads a team of talented New Jersey landscape architects and designers to create breathtaking outdoor spaces unique to your personal tastes. Some of our New Jersey landscape design services include: site analysis, site planning, pools and spas, water features and ponds, natural stone terraces and patios, paver walkways and driveways, outdoor kitchens, built in outdoor barbeques, outdoor fireplaces and fire pits, pergolas, gazebos, and garden structures, stone retaining walls, deer resistant plantings, water gardens, perennial gardens, location of mature plants and specimens, and landscape lighting.

Tapestry Landscape Architecture takes pride in each of their designs, truly capturing the unique elements of every client and on every property and incorporating them into each project. Our licensed landscape designers in NJ are a talented staff, passionate and experienced about the industry and in creating masterpieces to be enjoyed for all the years to come. Tapestrys staff works closely with each client, making the creative vision combine with every inspirational idea, making it all come to fruition in the final design.

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NJ's Premiere Landscape Architects | Commercial Landscape ...

GA Landscape Design is a full-service landscape company based in Westfield, NJ 07090. Our team of landscape professionals currently cares for properties in the New Jersey area, including Westfield, NJ 07090 and Basking Ridge, NJ 07290.

Our client commitment ensures uncompromising craftsmanship, thoughtful artistry and the fastidious attention to detail that defines a custom outdoor living space. As specialists in the fine art of landscape design, we deliver a functional landscape design based on your unique lifestyle, your homes architecture and your geographic setting.

When the GA Landscape Design & Associates team develops your outdoor living space, it enhances the way you look at your home while substantially increasing its value. Once the construction phase is complete, our landscape architects, horticulturists and craftsmen will have transformed your environment into an oasis of tranquility and beauty.

Built to the highest standards, your G.A. Landscape living area inspires relaxation, serves as a backdrop for entertainingand reconnects you with nature, time and time again.

Let G.A. Landscape make your dreams a reality today. Offering the highest level of industry expertise, we guarantee your satisfaction throughout every project phase.

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NJ Landscape Architect, NJ Landscape Contractor, NJ ...

All states require landscape architects to be licensed, except for Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, and the District of Columbia. In addition, all 50 states (but not the District of Columbia) require applicants to be licensed before they can use the title landscape architect and start soliciting business. Licensing requirements vary among states, but usually include a degree in landscape architecture from an accredited school, internship experience, and a passing score on the Landscape Architect Registration Exam.

A bachelor's or master's degree in landscape architecture usually is necessary for entry into the profession. There are two undergraduate landscape architect professional degrees: a Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (BLA) and a Bachelor of Science in Landscape Architecture (BSLA). These programs usually require 4 years of study.

Accredited programs are approved by the Landscape Architectural Accreditation Board (LAAB). Those with an undergraduate degree in a field other than landscape architecture can enroll in a Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) graduate degree program, which typically takes 3 years of full-time study.

Courses typically include surveying, landscape design and construction, landscape ecology, site design, and urban and regional planning. Other courses include history of landscape architecture, plant and soil science, geology, professional practice, and general management.

The design studio is a key component of any curriculum. Whenever possible, students are assigned real projects, providing them with valuable hands-on experience. While working on these projects, students become proficient in the use of computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), model building, and other design software.

In order to become licensed, candidates must meet experience requirements determined by each state. A list of training requirements can be found at the Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards.

New hires are called apprentices or intern landscape architects until they become licensed. Although duties vary with the type and size of the employing firm, all interns must work under the supervision of a licensed landscape architect for the experience to count towards licensure. In addition, all drawings and specifications must be signed and sealed by the licensed landscape architect.

Some employers recommend that prospective landscape architects complete an internship with a landscape architecture firm during their educational studies. Interns can improve their technical skills and gain an understanding of the day-to-day operations of the business, including how to win clients, generate fees, and work within a budget.

All states require landscape architects to be licensed in order to practice except for Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, and the District of Columbia. In addition, all 50 states (but not the District of Columbia) require applicants to be licensed before they can use the title landscape architect and start soliciting business. Licensing is based on the Landscape Architect Registration Examination (L.A.R.E.), which is sponsored by the Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards. Candidates can take the L.A.R.E. at different times of the year.

Those interested in taking the exam usually need a degree from an accredited school and 1 to 4 years of work experience under the supervision of a licensed landscape architect, although standards vary by state. For those without an accredited landscape architecture degree, many states provide alternative paths to qualify to take the L.A.R.E., usually requiring more work experience.

Currently, 13 states require landscape architects to pass a state exam, in addition to the L.A.R.E., to satisfy registration requirements. State exams focus on laws, environmental regulations, plants, soils, climate, and other characteristics unique to the state.

Because requirements for licensure vary, landscape architects may find it difficult to transfer their registration from one state to another. Common requirements include graduating from an accredited program, completing 3 years of an internship under the supervision of a registered landscape architect, and passing the L.A.R.E. By meeting national requirements, a landscape architect can also obtain certification from the Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards. That certification can be useful in getting a license in another state.

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Landscape Architect Career Profile | Job Description ...

Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes.[2] It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes landscape design; site planning; stormwater management; environmental restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a landscape architect.

Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of botany, horticulture, the fine arts, architecture, industrial design, soil sciences, environmental psychology, geography, ecology, and civil engineering. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces with limitations toward the landscape or park aspect of the design - large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological sustainability. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the overall concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings and technical specifications are prepared. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work. Other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues.

The variety of the professional tasks that landscape architects collaborate on is very broad, but some examples of project types include:[3]

Landscape managers use their knowledge of landscape processes to advise on the long-term care and development of the landscape. They often work in forestry, nature conservation and agriculture.

Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of particular species in a given area.

Landscape planners are concerned with landscape planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban, rural and coastal land use.Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes master planning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing countryside management or policy plans. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning.

Green roof (or more specifically, vegetative roof) designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for storm water management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation.[4]

For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by Andr Le Ntre at Vaux-le-Vicomte for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon (17831843) was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton.[5]

The practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. The term "landscape architect" was used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in the United States in 1863[citation needed] and Andrew Jackson Downing (18151852),[6] another early American landscape designer, was editor of The Horticulturist magazine (184652). In 1841 his first book, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America, was published to a great success; it was the first book of its kind published in the United States.[7] During the latter 19th century, the term landscape architect begun to be used by professional landscapes designers, and was firmly established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Beatrix Jones (later Farrand) with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe and North America. Later, in 1978, IFLA's Headquarters were established in Versailles.[8][9][10]

Through the 19th century, urban planning became a focal point and central issue in cities. The combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and the emerging field of urban planning offered Landscape Architecture an opportunity to serve these needs.[11] In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have a huge influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system. Jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point. One of the original ten founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), and the only woman, was Beatrix Farrand. She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts. Her numerous private estate projects include the landmark Dumbarton Oaks in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C..[12] Since that time, other architects most notably Ruth Havey and Alden Hopkinschanged certain elements of the Farrand design.

Since this period Urban Planning has developed into a separate independent profession that has incorporated important contributions from other fields such as Civil Engineering, Architecture and Public Administration. Urban Planners are qualified to perform tasks independent of landscape architects, and in general, the curriculum of landscape architecture programs do not prepare students to become urban planners.[13]

Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and to respond to the various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Thomas Church was a mid-century landscape architect significant in the profession. Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combined the International style and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic. Innovation continues today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes, and gardens.

Ian McHarg was known for introducing environmental concerns in landscape architecture.[14][15] He popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. This system became the foundation of today's Geographic Information Systems (GIS). McHarg would give every qualitative aspect of the site a layer, such as the history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. GIS software is ubiquitously used in the landscape architecture profession today to analyze materials in and on the Earth's surface and is similarly used by Urban Planners, Geographers, Forestry and Natural Resources professionals, etc.

In many countries, a professional institute, comprising members of the professional community, exists in order to protect the standing of the profession and promote its interests, and sometimes also regulate the practice of landscape architecture. The standard and strength of legal regulations governing landscape architecture practice varies from nation to nation, with some requiring licensure in order to practice; and some having little or no regulation. In Europe, North America, parts of South America, Australia, India and New Zealand, landscape architecture is a regulated profession.[16]

Since 1889, with the arrival of the French architect and urbanist landscaper Carlos Thays, encomended to recreat the National Capital's parks and public gardens, it was consolidated an aprentice and training program in landscaping that eventually became a regulated profession, currently the leading academic institution is the UBA University of Buenos Aires"UBA Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseo y Urbanismo" (Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism) offering a Bacherlors degree in Urban Landscaping Design and Planning, the profession itself is regulated by the National Ministry of Urban Planning of Argentina and the Institute of the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden.

The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) provides accreditation of university degrees and non statutory professional registration for landscape architects. Once recognized by AILA, landscape architects use the title 'Registered Landscape Architect' across the six states and territories within Australia.

AILA's system of professional recognition is a national system overseen by the AILA National Office in Canberra. To apply for AILA Registration, an applicant usually needs to satisfy a number of pre-requisites, including university qualification, a minimum number years of practice and a record of professional experience.[17]

Landscape Architecture within Australia covers a broad spectrum of planning, design, management and research. From specialist design services for government and private sector developments through to specialist professional advice as an expert witness.

In Canada, landscape architecture, like law and medicine, is a self-regulating profession pursuant to provincial statute. For example, Ontario's profession is governed by the Ontario Association of Landscape Architects pursuant to the Ontario Association of Landscape Architects Act. Landscape architects in Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta must complete the specified components of L.A.R.E (Landscape Architecture Registration Examination) as a prerequisite to full professional standing.

Provincial regulatory bodies are members of a national organization, the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects / L'Association des Architectes Paysagistes du Canada (CSLA-AAPC), and individual membership in the CSLA-AAPC is obtained through joining one of the provincial or territorial components.[18]

AIAPP (Associazione Italiana Architettura del Paesaggio) is the Italian association of professional landscape architects formed in 1950 and is a member of IFLA and IFLA Europe (formerly known as EFLA). AIAPP is in the process of contesting this new law which has given the Architects' Association the new title of Architects, Landscape Architects, Planners and Conservationists whether or not they have had any training or experience in any of these fields other than Architecture.[citation needed]In Italy, there are several different professions involved in landscape architecture:

The New Zealand Institute of Landscape Architects (NZILA) is the professional body for Landscape Architects in NZ http://www.nzila.co.nz.

In April 2013, NZILA jointly with AILA, hosted the 50th International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) World Congress in Auckland, New Zealand. The World Congress is an international conference where Landscape Architects from all around the globe meet to share ideas around a particular topic.

Within NZ, Members of NZILA when they achieve their professional standing, can use the title Registered Landscape Architect NZILA.

NZILA provides an education policy and an accreditation process to review education programme providers; currently there are three accredited undergraduate Landscape Architecture programmes in New Zealand. Lincoln University also has an accredited masters programme in landscape architecture.

The Irish Landscape Institute [ILI] (www.irishlandscapeinstitute.com) is the officially recognized (by the Irish State) professional body representing landscape architects and parks professionals, in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The ILI was formed in 1992 by the merger of the ILHI (Institute of Landscape Horticulture of Ireland) and the IILA (Irish Institute of Landscape Architects), representing the related disciplines of landscape architecture and landscape horticulture. The Institute currently (October 2017) has a total membership of 160 (approx.) within 7 membership categories (student, graduate, affiliate, parks professional, corporate, fellow, honorary). In the absence of state regulation of the profession or title 'landscape architect', ILI is self-regulating, as for example in its adoption of the trade-marked title, 'Registered Landscape Architect', that is solely permissible for use by corporate members.

At international level, the ILI is a full member of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) through its European Region (IFLA-Europe). The ILI has play a consistent and active role in IFLA and the current president of IFLA-Europe is Irishman and ILI Past President, Mr. Tony Williams MILI.In the Republic of Ireland, the ILI is a member institute of the Urban Forum, which represents 5 built-environment professional bodies in engineering, architecture, planning, quantity surveying and landscape architecture.

ILI promotes the landscape profession by its accreditation of the master's degree programme in University College Dublin, its certification of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for its members, administration of professional practice examinations, advocacy and lobbying in respect of government policies, guidelines and standards (e.g. the National Landscape Strategy, National Planning Framework, Blue-Green Infrastructure), conferences and seminars, public lectures and design awards.

The profession grew rapidly during the Irish economic boom of the early 21st. century, benefiting from the upsurge in the construction and development sectors and from the States' capital investment in infrastructure. The recession brought a sharp reduction in membership numbers. Fortunately, the profession and ILI has proven resilient with clear evidence of a slow but steady recovery through growth in membership and in employment, since the commencement of economic recovery in 2014.

A key challenge remains: there is still no professional regulation or protection registration of title in Ireland, despite calls for such on successive government by ILI over many years. Therefore, there is no state-guarantee or protection of clients, for example in terms of insuring and verifying educational qualifications, professional indemnity insurance or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of those claiming to be landscape architects. Notwithstanding this, there is a growing awareness in some important sectors (e.g. government departments, media, construction, tourism) of the profession. This is due - to some degree - to the ongoing work of the ILI in promoting the benefits of landscape architecture to Irish society, economy and environment.

Landscape architects in Ireland work in private practice, public sector bodies at local government level and in some state bodies (e.g. transport, national heritage) and in academia. The demand for their professional services is often associated with public infrastructure projects (e.g. roads, motorways, renewable energy facilities, water treatment plants, etc.), Blue-Green Infrastructure (planning, design and management of parks, greenspaces, amenity trees) and with construction projects related to land use developments, principally residential, commercial and mixed-use developments in urban landscapes.

Landscape architects are employed in design of: green infrastructure, public realm, institutional/medical/industrial campuses and settings, parks, play facilities, transport (road/rail/cycle/port) corridors, retail complexes, residential estates (including plans for remediation of now-abandoned housing 'ghost' estates), village improvements, accessibility audits, graveyard restoration schemes, wind farms, wetland drainage systems and coastal zones.They are also significantly employed in preparation/review of statutory impact assessment reports on landscape, visual and ecological impacts of planning proposals.

In May 1962, Joane Pim, Ann Sutton, Peter Leutscher and Roelf Botha (considered the forefathers of the profession in South Africa) established the Institute for Landscape Architects, now known as the Institute for Landscape Architecture in South Africa (ILASA).[19] ILASA is a voluntary organisation registered with the South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession. It consists of three regional bodies namely, Gauteng, KwaZula-Natal and the Western Cape. ILASAs mission is to advance the profession of landscape architecture and uphold high standards of professional service to its members, and to represent the profession of landscape architecture in any matter which may affect the interests of the members of the Institute. ILASA holds the countrys membership with The International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA).

In South Africa, the profession is regulated by The South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession (SACLAP),[20] established as a statutory council in terms of Section 2 of the South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession Act Act 45 of 2000. The Council evolved out of the Board of Control for Landscape Architects (BOCLASA), which functioned under the Council of Architects in terms of The Architectural Act, Act 73 of 1970. SACLAPs mission is to establish, direct, sustain and ensure a high level of professional responsibilities and ethical conduct within the art and science of landscape architecture with honesty, dignity and integrity in the broad interest of public health, safety and welfare of the community.

After completion of an accreditted under-graduate and/or post-graduate qualification in landscape architecture at either the University of Cape Town or the University of Pretoria, or landscape technology at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, professional registration is attained via a mandatory mentored candidacy period (minimum of two years) and sitting of the professional registration exam. After successfully completing the exam, the individual is entitled to the status of Professional Landscape Architect or Professional Landscape Technologist.We also can study landscape architect in various FET institution.

The UK's professional body is the Landscape Institute (LI). It is a chartered body which accredits landscape professionals and university courses. At present there are fifteen accredited programmes in the UK. Membership of the LI is available to students, academics and professionals, and there are over 3,000 professionally qualified members.

The Institute provides services to assist members including support and promotion of the work of landscape architects; information and guidance to the public and industry about the specific expertise offered by those in the profession; and training and educational advice to students and professionals looking to build upon their experience.

In 2008, the LI launched a major recruitment drive entitled "I want to be a Landscape Architect" to encourage the study of Landscape Architecture. The campaign aims to raise the profile of landscape architecture and highlight its valuable role in building sustainable communities and fighting climate change.[21]

In the United States, Landscape Architecture is regulated by individual state governments. For a landscape architect, obtaining licensure requires advanced education and work experience, plus passage of the national examination called The Landscape Architect Registration Examination (L.A.R.E.). Several states require passage of a state exam as well. In the United States licensing is overseen both at the state level, and nationally by the Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards (CLARB). Landscape architecture has been identified as an above-average growth profession by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and was listed in U.S. News & World Report's list of Best Jobs to Have in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.[22] The national trade association for United States landscape architects is the American Society of Landscape Architects.

Escorial Formal palace garden in Madrid, Spain

Use of steps at Villa la Magia, in Quarrata, Italy

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Landscape architecture - Wikipedia

The Board of Architects is responsible for safeguarding life, health and property, and promoting the public welfare. A person using the title Landscape architect and engaging in the practice of landscape architecture in this State is required to submit evidence that the person is qualified to be licensed to practice landscape architecture. It is unlawful for a person not licensed as a landscape architect to use the title landscape architect or any other title, sign, card or device in a manner which tends to convey the impression that the person is a licensed landscape architect. Every holder of a license shall display it in a conspicuous place in his principal office, place of business or employment.

The practice of landscape architecture is any service in which the principles and methodology of landscape architecture are applied in consultation, evaluation, planning and design including the preparation and filing of sketches, drawings, plans and specifications for review and approval by governmental agencies, and responsible administration of contracts to the extent that the primary purpose of the contractual services is the preservation, enhancement or determination of proper land uses, natural land features, ground cover and planting, naturalistic and aesthetic values, the settings and approaches, or environment for structures or other improvements, the grading of land and water forms, natural drainage and determination of related impacts and sedimentation, blight or other hazards. This practice includes the proposed location and arrangement of those tangible objects and features as are incidental and necessary for any government approval and as may be prescribed by State or local authorities, but does not include the design of structures or facilities ordinarily included in the practice of engineering or architecture and does not include the making of land surveys or land plats for official approval or recording or other services as set forth in subsection (e) of section 2 of P.L. 1938, c.342 (C.45:8-28).

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