Overview

In the words of office design consultant and author Francis Duffy, "The office building is one of the great icons of the twentieth century. Office towers dominate the skylines of cities in every continent [As] the most visible index of economic activity, of social, technological, and financial progress, they have come to symbolize much of what this century has been about."

This is true because the office building is the most tangible reflection of a profound change in employment patterns that has occurred over the last one hundred years. In present-day America, northern Europe, and Japan, at least 50 percent of the working population is employed in office settings as compared to 5 percent of the population at the beginning of the 20th century.

Federal Building-Oakland, CA (Courtesy of Kaplan McLaughlin Diaz )

Interestingly, the life-cycle cost distribution for a typical service organization is about 3 to 4 percent for the facility, 4 percent for operations, 1 percent for furniture, and 90 to 91 percent for salaries. As such, if the office structure can leverage the 3 to 4 percent expenditure on facilities to improve the productivity of the workplace, it can have a very dramatic effect on personnel contributions representing the 90 to 91 percent of the service organization's costs.

To accomplish this impact, the buildings must benefit from an integrated design approach that focuses on meeting a list of objectives. Through integrated design, a new generation of high-performance office buildings is beginning to emerge that offers owners and users increased worker satisfaction and productivity, improved health, greater flexibility, and enhanced energy and environmental performance. Typically, these projects apply life-cycle analysis to optimize initial investments in architectural design, systems selection, and building construction.

An office building must have flexible and technologically-advanced working environments that are safe, healthy, comfortable, durable, aesthetically-pleasing, and accessible. It must be able to accommodate the specific space and equipment needs of the tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior finishes and art installations, particularly in entry spaces, conference rooms and other areas with public access.

An office building incorporates a number of space types to meet the needs of staff and visitors. These may include:

Typical features of Office Buildings include the list of applicable design objectives elements as outlined below. For a complete list and definitions of the design objectives within the context of whole building design, click on the titles below.

The high-performance office should be evaluated using life-cycle economic and material evaluation models. In some cases, owners need to appreciate that optimizing building performance will require a willingness to invest more initially to save on long-term operations and maintenance.

To achieve the optimum performance for the investment in the facility, value engineering provides a means for assessing the performance versus cost of each design element and building component. In the design phase building development, properly applied value engineering considers alternative design solutions to optimize the expected cost/worth ratio of projects at completion. Value engineering elicits ideas on ways of maintaining or enhancing results while reducing life cycle costs. In the construction phase, contractors are encouraged through shared savings to draw on their special 'know-how' to propose changes that cut costs while maintaining or enhancing quality, value, and functional performance. For more information on value-engineering, see WBDG Cost-Effective-Utilize Cost Management Throughout the Planning, Design, and Development Process.

Tenant Requirements-The building design must consider the integrated requirements of the intended tenants. This includes their desired image, degree of public access, operating hours, growth demands, security issues and vulnerability assessment results, organization and group sizes, growth potential, long-term consistency of need, group assembly requirements, electronic equipment and technology requirements, acoustical requirements, special floor loading and filing/storage requirements, special utility services, any material handling or operational process flows, special health hazards, use of vehicles and types of vehicles used, and economic objectives.

The high-performance office must easily and economically accommodate frequent renovation and alteration, sometimes referred to as "churn." These modifications may be due to management reorganization, personnel shifts, changes in business models, or the advent of technological innovation, but the office infrastructure, interior systems, and furnishings must be up to the challenge.

occupant comfort.

The concentration of a large number of workers within one building can have a significant impact on neighborhoods. Office structures can vitalize neighborhoods with the retail, food service, and interrelated business links the office brings to the neighborhood. Consideration of transportation issues must also be given when developing office structures. Office buildings are often impacted by urban planning and municipal zoning, which attempt to promote compatible land use and vibrant neighborhoods.

Worker Satisfaction, Health, and Comfort-In office environments, by far the single greatest cost to employers is the salaries of the employees occupying the space. It generally exceeds the lease and energy costs of a facility by a factor of ten on a square foot basis. For this reason, the health, safety, and comfort of employees in a high-performance office are of paramount concern.

Technology has become an indispensable tool for business, industry, and education. Given that technology is driving a variety of changes in the organizational and architectural forms of office buildings, consider the following issues when incorporating it, particularly information technology (IT), into an office:

See WBDG Productive-Design for the Changing Workplace and Productive-Integrate Technological Tools for more information about incorporating IT into facility design.

Terrorist attacks of the last decade have focused design on protection of occupants and assets against violent attack. Through comprehensive threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, and risk analysis, security requirements for individual buildings are identified, and appropriate reasonable design responses are identified for integration into the office buildings design.

Energy Efficiency-Depending on the office's size, local climate, use profile, and utility rates, strategies for minimizing energy consumption involve: 1) reducing the load (by integrating the building with the site, optimizing the building envelope [decreasing infiltration, increasing insulation], etc.); 2) correctly sizing the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems; and 3) installing high-efficiency equipment, lighting, and appliances.

Consideration should be given to the application of renewable energy systems such as building-integrated photovoltaic systems that generate building electricity, solar thermal systems that produce hot water for domestic hot water (DHW) or space conditioning, or geothermal heat pump systems that draw on the thermal capacitance of the earth to improve HVAC system performance.

Additional consideration should be given to the applications of other distributed energy sources, including microturbines, fuel cells, etc., that provide reliability (emergency and mission critical power) and grid-independence, and reduce reliance on fossil fuel grid power.

For GSA, the unit costs for this building type are based on the construction quality and design features in the following table 876 KB, 36 pgs). This information is based on GSA's benchmark interpretation and could be different for other owners.

Federal Office Building, San Francisco, California

The extensive inventory of facilities that are over 25 years of age present a significant recapitalization challenge. For GSA, its first impressions program addresses the quality of the entrance and lobby areas of its older facility portfolio. Key areas of concern for modernization include upgrading the exterior envelope, mechanical systems, telecommunications infrastructure, security, and interior finishes. Improving the workplace quality, energy performance, security, flexibility to accommodate tenant churn, maintenance overhead and life-cycle expectancy are important objectives for modernizing these facilities, Appropriate preservation for buildings on or eligible to be on the historic registry is part of the modernization effort.

With the advent of improved building technologies and controls it is crucial that high-performance buildings of all kinds be properly commissioned as part of a comprehensive quality assurance plan. In many instances, a process of ongoing commissioning has shown to be effective.

Some federal agencies and private institutions are moving aggressively in the direction of mandating commissioning for all high-performance structures in their portfolios.

There is an enormous range of criteria, codes, and standards that cover federal and private sector office building design. General criteria and guidance for office building design for federal facilities can be found in:

Federal Courthouse, Libraries, Research Facilities, Parking Facilities, Auditorium, Automated Data Processing: Mainframe, Automated Data Processing: PC System, Child Care, Clinic / Health Unit, Conference / Classroom, Food Service, General Storage, Joint Use Retail, Library (Space Type), Office (Space Type), Parking: Basement, Parking: Outside / Structured, Parking: Surface, Physical Fitness (Exercise Room), Private Toilet

Accessible-Beyond Accessibility to Universal Design, Productive, Productive-Integrate Technological Tools, Productive-Design for the Changing Workplace, Productive-Provide Comfortable Environments, Secure / Safe- Fire Protection, Secure / Safe-Ensure Occupant Safety and Health, Secure / Safe-Security for Building Occupants and Assets, Sustainable, Sustainable-Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Building Commissioning

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Office Building | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide

Office buildings built withexperience and expertise

Cormode & Dickson is a respected general contractor that has built a legacy of quality steel office buildings across Western Canada since 1962. More importantly, were proud of the relationships weve developed with our clients during every one of our construction projects.

Success to us means completing custom or prefab metal office buildings on time and on budget, where our client will turn only to us for future expansion, upgrading or new construction.

Steel office buildings offer durability and versatility. Whether your requirements include retail frontage, column-free interiors, multiple stories, innovative storage solutions, or general office space, we will help you consider all the options. Count on our experience and expertise when choosing modular office buildings, pre-engineered office buildings or custom design/build alternatives.

We have only your best interests in mind as we work with you to deliver the highest quality products within your budget and timeline restrictions.

Prefab metal office buildings are a popular choice today because they offer cost-effective, timely solutions. But dont think pre-engineered office buildings lack visual appeal. Various colour options and exterior coatings are available, such as stonework, brick, or stucco, which allow you to customize and personalize your steel office buildings.

Contact our knowledgeable staff in Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta or in Kelowna, British Columbia to discuss the construction of your design/build or prefab metal office buildings. From the first phone call, youll find out why the Cormode & Dickson name has become synonymous with building value.

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Office Building Construction| Cormode & Dickson

The accompanying tables show 20 of the largest upcoming Private and Government Office Building construction projects in the U.S. They are all in the planning stage and are mainly new projects, but may also involve additions and/or alterations.

Shopping centers, hotels, office buildings, medical buildings, educational buildings, libraries and museums, sports and entertainment complexes, industrial projects and government buildings will all be covered on a rotating basis.

There are several reasons for highlighting upcoming large projects. Such jobs have often received a fair amount of media coverage. Therefore, people in the industry are on the lookout for when job-site work actually gets underway. And, as showcase projects, they highlight geographically where major construction projects are proceeding.

Finally, total construction activity is comprised of many small- and medium-sized projects and a limited number of large developments. But the largest projects, simply by their nature, can dramatically affect total dollar volumes. In other words, the timing and size of these projects have an exaggerated influence on market forecasts.

Ten of the largest upcoming Private Office Building construction projects

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millions

Ten of the largest upcoming Government Office Building construction projects

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millions

All of the above projects share the same common factors. They are all in the planning stage. They are mainly new projects but may also involve additions and/or alterations. Shopping centers, hotels, office buildings, medical buildings, educational buildings, libraries and museums, sports and entertainment complexes, industrial projects and government buildings will all be covered on a rotating basis.

Data source: ConstructConnect/Tables: ConstructConnect.

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Twenty Major Upcoming Private and Government Office ...

The Church Office Building (COB) is a 28-story building in Salt Lake City, Utah, which houses the administrative support staff for the lay ministry of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) throughout the world.

The building is 420 ft (128 m) tall at roof level and is located within the Temple Square complex on the corner of North Temple and State Street.[1]

The building was designed by George Cannon Young at a cost of US$31 million to build. Construction took place from 1962 to 1972. Upon its completion, LDS Church leadership centralized the offices of the church in this location, which has facilitated the direction of the expanding religious organization. Work performed within the building includes the production of church-related magazines, translation of church materials into numerous languages, regulation of missionary efforts, production of church films, and matters relating to the construction of temples, and more.

The lobby of the building is dominated by a massive mural depicting the Great Commission. The lobby also features a statue honoring Mormon pioneer sacrifices, which depicts a husband and wife burying an infant child. The inscription reads, "That the struggles, sacrifices and the sufferings of the faithful pioneers and the cause they represented shall never be forgotten."

The first four floors of the building expand outward, to the west and east, to form wings. The north side of each of these wings are without windows, each having stone facades, with large ovals containing relief maps of the two hemispheres of the earth. On the tower itself, the southern, western, and eastern facades all feature a closely spaced vertical pinstripe pattern of cast quartzite columns flanking the narrow windows, visually reminiscent of the former World Trade Center in New York City, a contemporary structure. The building's northern facade is marked by a narrow blank wall in the center, indicating the building's elevator and service core, with the regular pinstripe pattern on either side. This central part of the tower rises two floors above the observation deck at the 26th floor, and protrudes outward slightly on the southern side. [2]

The observation deck is open to the public for free, and provides a good view of Antelope Island and the Great Salt Lake to the northwest, the Wasatch Mountains to the north and east, the skyline of the city to the south, the Oquirrh Mountains to the west, and Temple Square to the immediate west.

Visitors can also take a free tour of the gardens surrounding the building. The gardens are completely redesigned every six months, and feature an array of exotic plants and flowers.[3]

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Church Office Building - Wikipedia

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In the Initech office, the insecure Peter Gibbons hates his job and the abusive Division VP Bill Lumbergh that has just hired two consultants to downsize the company. His best friends are the software engineers Michael Bolton and Samir Nagheenanajar that also hate Initech, and his next door neighbor Lawrence. His girlfriend Anne is cheating on him but she convinces Peter to visit the hypnotherapist Dr. Swanson. Peter tells how miserable his life is and Dr. Swanson hypnotizes him and he goes into a state of ecstasy. However, Dr. Swanson dies immediately after giving the hypnotic suggestion to Peter. He dates the waitress Joanna and changes his attitude in the company, being promoted by the consultants. When he discovers that Michael and Samir will be fired, they decide to plant a virus in the account system to embezzle fraction of cents in each financial operation into Peter's account. However Michael commits a mistake in the software and instead of decimals, they steal a large amount.... Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Office Space (1999) - IMDb

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in "The White House announced that...".

The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban[2] in the Neoclassical style. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage.[3] In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824 and the North portico in 1829.

Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. In the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.

The modern-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, East Wing, the Eisenhower Executive Office Buildingthe former State Department, which now houses offices for the President's staff and the Vice Presidentand Blair House, a guest residence. The Executive Residence is made up of six storiesthe Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, as well as a two-story basement. The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of "America's Favorite Architecture".

Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 3941 Broadway (FebruaryAugust 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.

The July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morris's city house at 190 High Street (now 524-30 Market Street) for Washington's presidential residence. The first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of a futile effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away, but Washington declined to occupy it.

President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. On November 1, 1800,[4] he became the first president to occupy the White House. The President's House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, while the unused presidential mansion became home to the University of Pennsylvania.

First Presidential Mansion: Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.

Second Presidential Mansion: Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.

Third Presidential Mansion: President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 May 1800.

Government House, New York (1790-91). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.

House intended for the President, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1790s). Built to be the permanent presidential mansion, neither Washington nor Adams would occupy it.

The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's' plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. (see: L'Enfant Plan).[5][6] The architect of the White House was chosen in a design competition which received nine proposals, including one submitted anonymously by Thomas Jefferson.[7]

President Washington visited Charleston, South Carolina in May 1791 on his "Southern Tour", and saw the under-construction Charleston County Courthouse designed by Irish architect James Hoban. He is reputed to have met with Hoban then. The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.[8]

On July 16, 1792, the President met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.[9]

Washington was not entirely pleased with the original submission, however; he found it too small, lacking ornament, and not monumental enough to house the nation's president. On his recommendation, the house was changed from three stories to two, and was widened from a nine-bay facade to an 11-bay facade. Hoban's competition drawings do not survive.[citation needed]

The building has classical inspiration sources, that could be found directly or indirectly in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture). The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).[10] Several other Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, details like the bow-fronted south front, and interior details like the former niches in the present Blue Room. These influences, though undocumented, are cited in the official White House guide, and in White House Historical Association publications. The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Chteau de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 18121817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).[11] The theoretical link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of a connection posit that Thomas Jefferson, during his tour of Bordeaux in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings (which were on-file at the College) at the cole Spciale d'Architecture (Bordeaux Architectural College).[12] On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe.[11]

Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony.[13] The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.[14] Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants, many not yet with citizenship. The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban,[15] as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the "fish scale" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods. The initial construction took place over a period of eight years, at a reported cost of $232,371.83 (equal to $3,245,460 today). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.[16]

Shortages, including material and labor, forced alterations to the earlier plan developed by French engineer Pierre Charles L'Enfant for a "palace" that was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.[15] The finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone faades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were whitewashed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.[15]

As it is a famed structure in America, several replicas of the White House have been constructed.

The principal faade of the White House, the north front, is of three floors and eleven bays. The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and parapet, thus the faade appears to be of two floors. The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented pediments, while at second-floor level the pediments are flat. The principal entrance at the center of the portico is surmounted by a lunette fanlight. Above the entrance is a sculpted floral festoon. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded parapet.

The mansion's southern faade is a combination of the Palladian and neoclassical styles of architecture. It is of three floors, all visible. The ground floor is rusticated in the Palladian fashion. At the center of the faade is a neoclassical projecting bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by 5 bays, the windows of which, as on the north faade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground floor double staircase leading to an Ionic colonnaded loggia (with the Truman Balcony at second-floor level), known as the south portico. The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the faade.

The building was originally referred to variously as the "President's Palace", "Presidential Mansion", or "President's House".[17] The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.[18] A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the Burning of Washington, white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,[19] giving the building its namesake hue.[20] The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President Theodore Roosevelt established the formal name by having "White HouseWashington" engraved on the stationery in 1901.[21][22] The current letterhead wording and arrangement "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath goes back to the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[22]

Although it was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, it is also speculated that the name of the traditional residence of the President of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first President had courted the First Lady in the mid-18th century.[23]

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building.[15] During Adams' second day in the house, he wrote a letter to his wife Abigail, containing a prayer for the house. Adams wrote:

I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof.[24]

Franklin D. Roosevelt had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.[24]

Adams lived in the house only briefly before Thomas Jefferson moved into the "pleasant country residence"[25] in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"[26]), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to. With Benjamin Henry Latrobe, he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that help conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.[15] Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.[15]

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops[27] during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning Upper Canada's Parliament Buildings in the Battle of York; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well. Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was ransacked by British troops, only two have been recovered. Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington,[27] and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington. Some observers allege that most of these spoils were lost when a convoy of British ships led by HMS Fantome sank en route to Halifax off Prospect during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814,[28][29] even though Fantome had no involvement in that action.[30]

After the fire, President James Madison resided in The Octagon House from 1814 to 1815, and then the Seven Buildings from 1815 to the end of his term.[31] Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.[15] Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.[32] An elliptical portico at Chteau de Rastignac in La Bachellerie, France with nearly identical curved stairs is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,[33] although this matter is one of great debate.[34] Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now ras an Uachtarin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.[33] For the North Portico, a variation on the Ionic Order was devised incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

By the time of the American Civil War, the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House was questioned, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for malaria and other unhealthy conditions.[35] Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked to propose solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence and designed a new estate for the first family at Meridian Hill in Washington, D.C., but Congress rejected the plan.[35]

The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Statue of Liberty project was not the only undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years.[36]

When Chester Arthur took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed Lucretia Garfield moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. Louis Comfort Tiffany was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a public auction.[37] All that was saved were bust portraits of John Adams and Martin Van Buren.[38] A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

In the fall of 1882 work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of gold leaf, and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, and colorful traceries woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.[39][40]

In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.[35] A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal.[35] These plans were ultimately rejected.

However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.[41][42]Charles McKim himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the President's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.[15]

President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.[35] The West Wing was damaged by fire in 1929, but rebuilt during the remaining years of the Herbert Hoover presidency. In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the Rose Garden.[15]

Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman[43] took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.[15] By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949-51.[44] The work, done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain, required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.[43] The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million (US$ 52 million in 2016).[45] Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.[43] Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.[15] The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.[15] While the house's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction, much of the new interior finishes were generic, and of little historic value. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 18141816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the Vermeil Room, Library, China Room, and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.[46]

Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of President John F. Kennedy (196163), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of Henry Francis du Pont of the Winterthur Museum to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.[47] Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements of the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the Crowninshield family, Jane Engelhard, Jayne Wrightsman, and the Oppenheimer family. Stphane Boudin of the House of Jansen, a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Mrs. Kennedy to assist with the decoration.[47] Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the Green Room, French Empire for the Blue Room, American Empire for the Red Room, Louis XVI for the Yellow Oval Room, and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the Treaty Room. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed. The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.[47] In the Diplomatic Reception Room Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amrique Nord" wall paper which Zuber & Cie had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.[48] Sale of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public in a televised tour of the house on Valentine's Day in 1962.[49]

Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.[50] Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the private quarters of the White House, but the Committee for the Preservation of the White House must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the historical integrity of the White House, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Familyusually represented by the First Lady, the White House Curator, and the Chief Usherto implement the family's proposals for altering the house.[51]

During the Nixon administration (196974), First Lady Pat Nixon refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with Clement Conger, the curator appointed by President Richard Nixon.[52] Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.[53] Her husband created the modern press briefing room over Franklin Roosevelt's old swimming pool.[54] Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.[55]

Computers and the first laser printer were added during the Carter administration, and the use of computer technology was expanded during the Reagan administration.[56] A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.[57][58] Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.[59] The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.[59]

In the 1990s, Bill and Hillary Clinton refurbished some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room.[60] During the administration of George W. Bush, first lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary to the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished.[60]

The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at the suggestion of Visitors Office Director Melinda N. Bates, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor. It allowed easy wheelchair access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.[58] These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the presidential pool and spa. 167 solar photovoltaic grid tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals.[61]

In 2013 President Barack Obama installed a set of solar panels on the roof of the White House.[62][63]

The president usually travels to and from the White House grounds via official motorcade or helicopter. In the 1950s, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to travel by helicopter to and from the White House grounds.[64]

Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex. It includes the central Executive Residence flanked by the East Wing and West Wing. The Chief Usher coordinates day to day household operations. The White House includes: six stories and 55,000ft (5,100 m) of floor space, 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, twenty-eight fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators, five full-time chefs, a tennis court, a (single-lane) bowling alley (officially called the Harry S. Truman Bowling Alley), a movie theater (officially called the White House Family Theater[65]), a jogging track, a swimming pool, and a putting green.[22] It receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.[66]

The original residence is in the center. Two colonnadesone on the east and one on the westdesigned by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings, added later. The Executive Residence houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. The State Floor of the residence building includes the East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room, State Dining Room, Family Dining Room, Cross Hall, Entrance Hall, and Grand Staircase.[67] The Ground Floor is made up of the Diplomatic Reception Room, Map Room, China Room, Vermeil Room, Library, the main kitchen, and other offices.[68] The second floor family residence includes the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.[69] The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).[70]

The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts business meetings and where the Cabinet meets,[71] as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room.[72] In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs.[73] The makeover took 11 months and cost $8 million, of which news outlets paid $2 million.[73] In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure;[74] this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing.[75]

This portion of the building was used as the setting for the popular television show The West Wing.[citation needed]

The East Wing, which contains additional office space, was added to the White House in 1942. Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the First Lady, and the White House Social Office. Rosalynn Carter, in 1977, was the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady". The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies. The bunker has come to be known as the Presidential Emergency Operations Center.

The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the South Lawn, which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds. Although the White House grounds have had many gardeners through their history, the general design, still largely used as master plan today, was designed in 1935 by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm, under commission from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband's assassination. On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) tree on the north side of the building, came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by Andrew Jackson. Michelle Obama planted the White House's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.[76]

Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century. President Thomas Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the Capitol followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President Andrew Jackson had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 citizens celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey. Even so, the practice continued until 1885, when newly elected Grover Cleveland arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house. Jefferson also permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. Those receptions ended in the early 1930s, although President Bill Clinton would briefly revive the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

The White House remained accessible in other ways; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors, or eccentric dispensers of advice like "General" Daniel Pratt, as he began the business day. Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.[citation needed]

In February 1974, a stolen army helicopter landed without authorization on the White House's grounds. Twenty years later, in 1994, a light plane crashed on the White House grounds, and the pilot died instantly.[77]

As a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated in May 2005 before an unauthorized aircraft could approach the grounds.[78]

On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, the United States Secret Service closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the Treasury Building.

After September 11, 2001, this was made permanent in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and the Ellipse.[79] During the Boston Marathon bombing, the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.[80]

Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the Old Executive Office Building to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.[81] White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to budget constraints after sequestration.[82] The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.[83]

The White House Complex is protected by the United States Secret Service and the United States Park Police.

NASAMS (Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System) were used to guard air space over Washington, D.C. during the 2005 presidential inauguration. The same NASAMS units have since been used to protect the president and all air space around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.[84][85]

For security reasons, the section of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic, except government officials.

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is this Report About? 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Summary Methodology 2 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook CONSTRUCTION: CATEGORY DATA 2.1 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Historic Market Value 2.2 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Historic Market Value by Cost Type 2.3 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Forecast Market Value 2.4 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output: Forecast Market Value by Cost Type 2.5 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add: Historic Market Value 2.6 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add: Forecast Market Value 3 Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook CONSTRUCTION: ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 3.1 New Construction Output 3.2 New Construction Output by Cost Type 3.3 New Construction Output Forecast 3.4 New Construction Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.5 Repair & Maintenance Output 3.6 Repair & Maintenance Output by Cost Type 3.7 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast 3.8 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.9 Refurbishment Output 3.10 Refurbishment Output by Cost Type 3.11 Refurbishment Output Forecast 3.12 Refurbishment Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.13 Demolition Output 3.14 Demolition Output by Cost Type 3.15 Demolition Output Forecast 3.16 Demolition Output Forecast by Cost Type 4 APPENDIX 4.1 Methodology 4.2 About Timetric 4.3 Our Services 4.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1: Timetric Construction Market Definitions Table 2: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 3: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 4: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 5: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 6: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 7: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 8: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 9: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, 2015-2020 Table 10: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output, 2011-2015 Table 11: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 12: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 13: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 14: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 15: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 16: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output, 2011-2015 Table 17: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 18: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output(EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 19: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 20: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 21: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 22: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output, 2011-2015 Table 23: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 24: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 25: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 26: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 27: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 28: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output, 2011-2015 Table 29: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 30: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 31: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 32: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 33: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (EGP Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

List of Figures

Figure 1: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 2: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 3: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 4: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 5: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 6: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 7: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 8: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 9: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 10: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 11: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 12: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 13: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 14: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 15: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 16: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 17: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 18: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 19: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 20: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 21: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 22: Egyptian Office Buildings Construction in Egypt to 2020: Market Databook Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is this Report About? 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Summary Methodology 2 OFFICE BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION: CATEGORY DATA 2.1 Office Buildings Construction Output: Historic Market Value 2.2 Office Buildings Construction Output: Historic Market Value by Cost Type 2.3 Office Buildings Construction Output: Forecast Market Value 2.4 Office Buildings Construction Output: Forecast Market Value by Cost Type 2.5 Office Buildings Construction Value Add: Historic Market Value 2.6 Office Buildings Construction Value Add: Forecast Market Value 3 OFFICE BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION: ACTIVITY ANALYSIS 3.1 New Construction Output 3.2 New Construction Output by Cost Type 3.3 New Construction Output Forecast 3.4 New Construction Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.5 Repair & Maintenance Output 3.6 Repair & Maintenance Output by Cost Type 3.7 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast 3.8 Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.9 Refurbishment Output 3.10 Refurbishment Output by Cost Type 3.11 Refurbishment Output Forecast 3.12 Refurbishment Output Forecast by Cost Type 3.13 Demolition Output 3.14 Demolition Output by Cost Type 3.15 Demolition Output Forecast 3.16 Demolition Output Forecast by Cost Type 4 APPENDIX 4.1 Methodology 4.2 About Timetric 4.3 Our Services 4.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1: Timetric Construction Market Definitions Table 2: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 3: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 4: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 5: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 6: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 7: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 8: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, 2011-2015 Table 9: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, 2015-2020 Table 10: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output, 2011-2015 Table 11: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 12: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 13: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 14: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 15: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 16: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output, 2011-2015 Table 17: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 18: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output(IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 19: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 20: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 21: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 22: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output, 2011-2015 Table 23: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 24: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 25: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 26: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 27: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 28: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output, 2011-2015 Table 29: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 30: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Table 31: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output Forecast, 2015-2020 Table 32: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Table 33: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (IQD Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

List of Figures

Figure 1: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 2: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 3: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 4: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Output Market Value, (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 5: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 6: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction Value Add Market Value, (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 7: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 8: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 9: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 10: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, New Construction Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 11: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 12: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 13: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 14: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Repair & Maintenance Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 15: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 16: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 17: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 18: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Refurbishment Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020 Figure 19: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million), 2011-2015 Figure 20: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2011-2015 Figure 21: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output Forecast (US$ Million), 2015-2020 Figure 22: Iraqi Office Buildings Construction, Demolition Output (US$ Million) by Cost Type, 2015-2020

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It all starts with office acoustics and keeping noise levels reduced.Acoustical ceiling tiles,andacoustical wall panelscan help dramatically reduce noise, in both open and closed environments, and also helps attain specific levels of speech privacy. Speech Privacy can be measured by Privacy Index (PI) and the levels are:

Lighting is also a critical factor in the workplace, and choosing the right ceiling system can contribute to a comfortable work environment. But the right ceiling system can also help resist mold and mildew, which helps maintain the indoor air quality. Manyacoustical ceilings are also made from high-recycled-content, which can contribute LEED credits to your building.

From a visual perspective, you can create an impressive look and feel to both open and closed spaces with metal ceilings, wood ceilings, and canopies.

The walls of your office building can also contribute to the environment, and the materials they are made from need to be durable and last. You can frame your walls withcold formed steel studs, metal studs, or a complete drywall framing system. When it comes to finishing your walls, we offer awide selection of gypsum boardsfor just about any application. We also offer wall systems that can bring a nice finish to the interior of your office.

There are manyproducts from whichto choose for interior and exterior applications, for open and closed floor plans. You can spend your time flipping through catalogs and browsing websites, trying to learn about all of the products that are available and then trying to choose the right one. Or you canlet our expert sales team help you cut through the mess and lend a hand. Our sales team has many years of experience, not only helping customers choose the right products, but alsolearning about the pros and cons of each product in various applications. You can rely on our expertise to help you make the right choices for your new office building, fromEIFSon the outside to acoustical solutions for the inside.

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Building Materials for Office Buildings - Interior Supply