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    Attention AEM Members: Manufacturing Outlook Webinar To Shed Light on Likely Economic Outcomes for 2021 – Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM) - December 14, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Want to learn about the likely economic outcomes for2021?Looking for sector insights for construction and agricultural machinery, the various forecast scenarios for the remainder of the year and the drivers behind the industries?

    Consider attending this week's free 2021 Manufacturing Outlook Webinar, slated for Wednesday, Dec. 16 at 12:301:30 p.m. CST.

    This is the first time that the AEM MI department will be presenting jointly with the economists of Oxford Economics, providing quantitative outlooks from the U.S. Ag and CE Machinery Outlook reports, as well as qualitative insights from AEMs quarterly industry conditions reports, said AEM Director of Market Intelligence Benjamin Duyck.

    Register now.

    Oxford Economics EconomistChloe Parkinsand Director of Industry ServicesMark Killion, will provide expert analysis of theU.S. Ag and CE Machinery Outlook Reports. In addition,Duyck will present the latest construction market insights and information to help prepare you to navigate the disruptive trends set to impact your business in the year ahead.

    Through AEMs partnership with Oxford Economics, the quarterly Agriculture and Construction Machinery Outlook reports offer information on the evolution of the U.S. market, tied to trends in key industry drivers, such as industry structure, trade and major events.

    For more information, contact AEM's Benjamin Duyck at bduyck@aem.org.

    Subscribe to the AEM Industry Advisorfor the latest information about AEM member offerings.

    See more here:
    Attention AEM Members: Manufacturing Outlook Webinar To Shed Light on Likely Economic Outcomes for 2021 - Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM)

    Red House BBQ opens drive-thru window at The Shed – Tehachapi News - December 14, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Hold on to you hats, ladies and gentlemen, because Red House BBQ has opened a drive-thru window serving all your barbecued favorites and sides.

    After giving it much thought, owner Mano Lujan decided to open a drive-thru window at his other restaurant, The Shed, located across the street from Red House BBQ at 333 E. Tehachapi Blvd.

    Effective Dec. 9, The Shed is serving as the Red House BBQ Drive Thru.

    "Red House Drive Thru will be a mirror of Red House BBQ. The exact same menu will be at both places. This means we are in complete compliance with the (COVID-19) situation and not only will my staff continue to work, but we are actually creating more jobs as we have hired a few more people and are looking for even a few more," Lujan wrote on the Red House BBQ Facebook page.

    Patrons will also notice some changes at Red House BBQ.

    "Please be understanding and patient as we deal with this and try and move in a forward direction," Lujan wrote. "I am not closing. I am not laying off staff. I'm fighting. I really don't care what other restaurants/establishments do. I'm focused on my staff, my family and the future of my establishment. I'm a worker... Other people can go home. Other people they can split. I will never stop. I will never quit."

    The full menu will be served via drive-thru only, and no walk-ups or phone orders will be taken.

    Patrons are asked to enter from the east side of the building and drive right up to the first sliding door to place an order.

    Walk-ups and phone orders will still be served at Red House BBQ, 426 E. Tehachapi Blvd. Call 822-0772.

    "We are hoping that this will help speed things up," wrote Lujan.

    Also, soft drinks (iced tea and soda) will not have free refills since all food is to-go.

    "Since we are doing single serving, the price will drop from $2.50 to $1.50. It is only fair," wrote Lujan.

    View original post here:
    Red House BBQ opens drive-thru window at The Shed - Tehachapi News

    A She Shed of One’s Own – Jezebel - December 14, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    In 1929, Virginia Woolf famously posited that in order for a woman to write fiction, she must have money and a room of her own. In 2020 Pinterest moms have one-upped Woolf by investing in small houses of ones own, wine bar optional.

    The she shed is the wifes response to the man cave, a separate, feminized space where she can relax away from her family, pour a bottle of wine with some girlfriends, or simply be alone (oh, to be alone!). As the name suggests, most are made from shabby pre-built lawn sheds; the hardware store Lowes even has a page on its website advertising guides on how to best construct one. But busted, dirty sheds these are not. By the time most she shed designers get done with their projects, they look like fully inhabitable mini-homes, often carpeted, furnished, and wired with electricity.

    On Pinterest and Instagram, she sheds of all different flavors abound: modern and shiplapd as if touched by the Gaineses themselves, rustic cottages ripped from a fairy tale, brightly colored to fit to reflect the crafting activities that happen inside of it. Reanne Rudd, 34, a real estate agent in Amarillo, Texas, discovered she sheds on Pinterest last year and was inspired to create her own as a place to hang out with her friends. With the help of her husband, Rudd bought a pre-built shed and fitted it with electrical wiring, shiplap, vinyl flooring, and a bar space. A video of the finished result, which includes furniture and a small electric fireplace, has over a million views on TikTok.

    [My friends] and I, all of us have kids, so we never really have a spot to ourselves like the guys do, Rudd says. They all have their shops and their man caves. Us girls dont really have a space for ourselves. Rudd says her she shed is a no kids allowed zone, though the kids do try to sneak in. I have a little keypad on the door, so I keep it locked.

    For Kirsten Hamstra, 39, the creation of her she shed was directly influenced by the pandemic. A social media director for a global company that requires her to take international calls at different hours, she and her husband quickly realized that there wasnt enough space in their Raleigh, North Carolina home to both work in the same office, not to mention alongside their kids going to remote school full-time.

    I was talking with my parents about how we were trying to pivot and figure out what we are going to do about this office situation, Hamstra says. She was like, well, have you ever considered a she shed? I started laughing at her, like what are you talking about? With a sizeable enough backyard, Hamstra ordered an Amish built-shed from a local company which allowed her to customize her she shed. The completed project is fit with electricity and internet, a desk, a TV, a mini-fridge, air conditioning, and a mini fireplace.

    I dont have a space, a girly space of my own, something where everything inside is mine and everything inside kind of uniquely reflects me and my passions and what makes me happy, Hamstra says, adding that she plans to hang photos on the walls of her trips to Italy, her favorite place in the world. Its not to say that I cant have it in my own home, but to really have my own personal space where I can get away and take a breather...I wanted to be able to have a space where I could do that uninterrupted.

    The creation of a gendered space in the house for women has roots in the dressing room, which emerged in the Renaissance as a counterpart to a mans closet, essentially a study. Whereas a mans closet might house his papers and exist as a space for intellect, a womans dressing room would house clothing, cosmetics, children, and servants, the rooms helping to delineate a woman and mans clear household roles Tita Chico wrote in Monstrous Dreams of Reason: Body, Self, and Other in the Enlightenment. In the 18th century, gendered living spaces in modern homes became more pronounced, as dressing rooms, toilettes, and boudoirs served as more private spaces of self-discovery for wealthy women, the latter of which was seen as a sphere of sexual expression in the age of the Enlightenment.

    The home became even more aggressively gendered in the Victorian era, as women were expected to devote themselves to homemaking and express their identity through domestic pursuits. But while the home itself may have been a private space, for women to find autonomy and solitude within it away from domestic labor and organizing of her household was harder. The space was not private in the sense of withdrawal, Judith Flanders wrote in Inside the Victorian Home: A Portrait of Domestic Life in Victorian England of feminine morning rooms in spacious houses. Because this is where the running of the household was done, it was part of the public persona of the house, part of the presentation a man of worth would display to the world.

    Its the same impulse to escape domestic chores and duties, nearly inescapable in the home, that fuels the she shed phenomenon. A 2007 Los Angeles Times story titled The shed goes chic interviewed women and men who were rehabbing outdoor sheds into personal spaces like offices or art studios, while a 2008 Seattle Times article profiled a couple with a small business turning sheds into living spaces. If you just add on an addition to the house, its still your house. Its too tempting to be like oh, crying baby, oh, the dishes, one woman interviewed said, stressing the importance of a space separate from the house. A 2010 New York Times story featured a womans Gingerbread cottage getaway in opposition to her husbands man-cave, a mid-aughts trend that catered to suburban men seeking to create a masculine, almost bachelor-pad space in their nuclear family homes. But it wasnt until a 2015 Today show segment that featured women and their she sheds that the term became mainstream, so mainstream that the term was featured in a viral 2018 State Farm commercial.

    She sheds reflect a cottage industry of products, whether found mass-produced in the aisles of Target or on Etsy, that attempt to commodify a central mom experience. There are t-shirts and signs that stress that mommy is in time out, merchandise that proudly proclaims the #boymom tribe, and mommy juice wine glasses, all of which reflect and reinforce the image of the exhausted mother seeking refuge from her screaming children. Nothing says leave me alone more than a wine glass helpfully emblazoned with go ask your dad. The she shedalong with its spicier counterpart, the bitch barntakes the trend one step further: why put up subtle walls to block off space for mom when she needs it through a variety of products when you can just literally build a space?

    The she shed owners I spoke to for this piece confirm that their spaces were largely born out of a need for personal space, separate from their houses. But in the pandemic, she shed spaces have become even more urgent, as they become womens offices and local drinking holes in lieu of actual nightlife. Jennifer Underwood, 35, initially intended for her she shed to be a space for her crafting projects which she sells online. She started building the she shed with her husband from scratch last September, but in the pandemic, with her two sons doing distanced learning in Riverside, South California, the she shed has essentially become a school.

    I am in there every day since covid started, Underwood says. Im in there from 8:30 until 8:00. Her kids are with her, she estimates, six hours a day with her inside the she shed. But once their schooling is done and her husband comes back from work, Underwood is back in the she shed for some alone time. And while she does work on her crafting while her kids do their work, what was supposed to be a space for herself alone is now a replacement for her kids daily school life.

    In the beginning I [was] like, this sucks, Im turning it into a classroom and I have this little tiny space for a craft room, she says. [But now] Im enjoying having them in there. And even with its changed purpose, Underwoods she shed still satisfies her crafty impulses.

    The funny thing is as a kid I always wanted a dollhouse and I never got one, she says laughing. Finally, I get this 35 years later, and its extravagant.

    The rest is here:
    A She Shed of One's Own - Jezebel

    Consider Withdrawing Order On Metro Shed Land: Court To Maharashtra – NDTV - December 14, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Mumbai:

    The Bombay High Court on Monday asked the Maharashtra government to consider withdrawing an order passed by the Mumbai Suburban District Collector allotting 102 acres of saltpan land at Kanjurmarg for construction of a Metro car shed.

    The Centre and the Shiv Sena-led MVA government in Maharashtra are locked in a tussle over the ownership of the land earmarked by the state for constructing the car depot which was earlier planned at Aarey Colony, a green belt in suburban Goregaon.

    The Union government has filed a petition in the high court challenging the October 1, 2020, order passed by the Collector allotting the land for construction of the car shed, and said the land belongs to its (the Centre) salt department.

    The Maharashtra government, however, opposed the plea and said the land, allotted to the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) for the Metro car shed, is owned by the state.

    On Monday, a division bench of Chief Justice Dipankar Datta and Justice GS Kulkarni was of prime facie opinion that the Collector should give a fresh hearing to all parties concerned and settle issues related to land title ownership.

    "We cannot allow this order (Collectors order) to remain in force. Prima facie, we are of the view that the matter should go back to the Collector. Consider withdrawing it (the order).

    "It is better you (the government) settle all these issues before you proceed further," the court said.

    Advocate General Ashutosh Kumbhakoni said he would take instructions from the state government over the suggestion following which the court posted the matter for further hearing on December 16.

    The Union government, in its plea, has claimed that entire salt pan lands in the area, including the 102 acres allotted to MMRDA, belongs to its salt department.

    The former BJP-led government had decided to construct the car shed, part of Mumbai Metro line 3, at Aarey Colony despite opposition from environmentalists and activists who campaigned against cutting of a large number of trees for the project.

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    Consider Withdrawing Order On Metro Shed Land: Court To Maharashtra - NDTV

    Sheds of Hope to help wildfire victims rebuild – KEZI TV - December 4, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    EUGENE, Ore. After the Holiday Farm Fire devastated communities in Western Oregon, a local group has come together to help victims take steps toward rebuilding literally.

    One Hope Lane County has gathered together with other local churches, businesses and organizations to build sheds to be placed on properties of people who lost their homes in the wildfire.

    The aim of the project, Sheds of Hope, is that anyone who is trying to start rebuilding on their property would be able to store tools in the shed. They can also use it as a shelter from the rain if they are working to rebuild over the winter.

    Executive Director Steve Buss said they have a short-term goal of building 50 sheds and have completed six so far.

    These sheds -- for a group of about five or so, the pre-fab work can get done in about five hours. Then we are partnering with community members in Blue River and Vida to validate homeowners who lost their home in the fire, and then we can connect them with one of those homeowners to go ahead and install the shed on their property, Buss said.

    Read more from the original source:
    Sheds of Hope to help wildfire victims rebuild - KEZI TV

    Knight Commission’s proposed college football ‘solution’ sheds no light on why it would work – Sporting News - December 4, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    The Knight Commission likes to take credit for things that either:

    1. Already happened.2. Will happen soonanyway, regardless of its input.3. Will never happen, period, but it sounds good to make the case.

    This self-importance has been at the core of the three-decade history of this body, which set up shop one day in 1989 using tax-protected foundation funds and soon commenced issuing edicts about the direction it believed college athletics should follow in the future.

    MORE: College football Week 14 primer: Heisman Watch, upset picks, predictions and more

    To be fair, some members of the media have helped inflate the delusion that the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletic matters, covering its public hearings and panel discussions as though they were working the halls of the U.S. Capitol and composing articles whose very existence indicated the commissions work should be given serious consideration.

    There was more such material presented Friday, following the most recent boondoggle suggested by the Knight Commission: the creation of a new governing body for programs in the Football Bowl Subdivision, separate from the NCAA but only in that single sport.

    Say what now?

    The Knight people are not suggesting the "Power 5"break away and form their own governing body for all sports, which has been posited by some media analysts and a college coach here or there (a terrible idea that underestimates the value and importance of the NCAA Tournament). They're saying that only FBS football should separate and form a governance structure theyre calling it the National College Football Association to handle "health, safety, revenue distribution, litigation, eligibility, and enforcement."

    Yes, thats right: This group is so pretentious it uses the Oxford comma.

    What is not covered in the organizations 1,300-word release is why the Power 5s-that-be in FBS football would have any interest in diverting a substantial portion of the revenue generated by the College Football Playoff into the creation and maintenance of a separate entity to lord over one particular sport, or why individual schools would wish to take on the inconvenience and, almost certainly, added expense of dealing with one regulatory body for football and a second for the many other sports they offer.

    Not everyone who follows college sports understands that the most significant FBS athletic programs known inside the NCAA as the autonomy conferences and to the general public as the Power 5 currently have authority, according to the NCAA Manual, to use their resources to advance the legitimate educational or athletics-related needs of student-athletes and for legislative changes that will otherwise enhance student-athlete well-being.

    To an extent, they make their own rules.

    To the fullest extent, they keep nearly all the money generated by the CFP.

    To the greatest extent possible, they have no incentive to take the action suggested by the Knight Commission.

    MORE: College football picks, predictions against the spread for every Week 14 top 25 game

    A commission survey of Division I university presidents, athletic directors and conference commissioners indicated dissatisfaction with the current arrangement a predictable outcome, given that Division I comprises more than 350 universities, only 130 of which make up FBS football. Of that group, only 65 are in Power 5 leagues.

    The Knight Commission concluded a "big solution"was warranted. But a separate NCFA would do little more than take certain expenses off the NCAAs balance sheet. It wouldnt force the Power 5 into a legitimate playoff system, or one fairer to the other 65 football programs. There would be no guarantee of a more equitable revenue distribution from the CFP.

    The Knight Foundation itself is a worthwhile endeavor, presenting grants that help facilitate advancement of education, journalism and the arts, particularly in communities that once were served by newspapers in the esteemed Knight-Ridder chain. Its dalliance with the college sports world, however, has been a worthless exercise in grandstanding that produced no tangible benefit to college athletes or college athletics.

    In its materials, the commission lauds itself for the "improved graduation success of student-athletes,"although the NCAA already began taking significant action after it was revealed during the 1980s before the commissions formation that high-profile athletes in both football and basketball had gone through college while functionally illiterate.

    It has done little, meanwhile, to advance the concept of the student-athlete experience. Cost-of-attendance payments never were a significant part of its campaign. The commission tried to take credit for recommending name/image/likeness (NIL) reform in early April although, in fact, the NCAA had a working group in place, led by Val Ackerman of the Big East and Gene Smith of Ohio State, in May 2019 that produced a comprehensive proposal for NIL reform on April 30.

    "No single entity is responsible for FBS football the most powerful sport in Division I athletics,"incoming Knight co-chair Nancy Zimpher said in the organizations release. "It is time to end this leadership void and bring more accountability to the sport, both for the benefit of athletes and for the future of FBS football."

    Which athletes would benefit? Thats not clear. And how would it enhance the future of FBS football? Theres no obvious answer. So why would the strongest programs agree to this proposal? Your guess is as good as mine. And the Knight Commissions, apparently.

    More here:
    Knight Commission's proposed college football 'solution' sheds no light on why it would work - Sporting News

    New study sheds light on why women tend to have greater animosity towards political opponents – PsyPost - December 4, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    New research suggests there is a gender gap in affective polarization: Women in the United States tend to be more hostile than men towards their political rivals. The findings, which have been published in the journal American Politics Research, indicate that this gender gap is related to womens stronger partisan identities and stronger attitudes about abortion.

    In the media, women politicians are often stereotyped as consensus building and willing to work across party lines, said study author Heather Louise Ondercin (@HeatherOndercin), an assistant professor at Appalachian State University.

    This portrayal of women did not match what we know about womens political behavior, mainly that they hold stronger partisan attachments than men. We wanted to figure out how womens political identities and issue positions shaped their feelings towards the parties compared to men.

    The researchers analyzed data collected from 1980 to 2016 by the American National Election Studies. In the nationally representative surveys, the participants were asked to indicate how warmly or coldly they feel towards the Democratic and Republican Party on a visual thermometer scale which was used as a measure of affective polarization.

    Women are slightly more affectively polarized than men, meaning that there is a larger difference between womens feelings towards their political party and their feelings towards the other political party, Ondercin told PsyPost.

    The surveys also asked how strongly the participants identified with their political party, and whether they considered themselves extremely liberal, liberal, slightly liberal, moderate or middle of the road, slightly conservative, extremely conservative. In addition, the surveys assessed attitudes towards social welfare and abortion.

    All of these factors helped to explain the difference between men and women in regards to affective polarization.

    These differences in affective polarization are a function of the strength in political identities and issue positions. Women hold stronger partisan identities than men, and the strength of these partisan identities matters more for women than men. In addition to partisanship, womens stronger attitudes about abortion contribute to the gender gap in affective polarization, Ondercin explained.

    The researchers controlled for variables such as race, income, education, region, age, employment status, religious tradition, church attendance, and marital status. But like all research the study includes some limitations.

    One question steaming from this project is, why do women hold stronger partisan identities? We find that womens higher levels of affective polarization are partially a result of women holding stronger partisan identities. Other research also finds that women tend to hold stronger social identities and attribute this to womens being more pro-social. More work needs to be done to understand what role pro-social behavior plays in the formation and strength of partisan identities, Ondercin said.

    The study, Youve Lost That Loving Feeling: How Gender Shapes Affective Polarization, Heather Louise Ondercin and Mary Kate Lizotte

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    New study sheds light on why women tend to have greater animosity towards political opponents - PsyPost

    Rhode Island sheds Seton Hall with late run – jacksonprogress-argus - December 4, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Fatts Russell had 17 points and Jeremy Sheppard scored 14 as host Rhode Island closed on a 15-2 run to beat Seton Hall 76-63 on Wednesday night in Kingston, R.I.

    Ishmael Leggett and Makhi Mitchell (11 rebounds) each had 11 points for the Rams (3-2), who broke open a close game late to win their third in a row. Rhode Island overcame 25 points from Seton Hall star Sandro Mamukelashvili to prevail.

    Rhode Island led by one at halftime, but the two teams played back-and-forth basketball with the lead until the hosts used a 5-0 run to take a 66-61 lead with just under 6 minutes to play in the game. With the game tied at 61, Sheppard hit a 3-pointer and Leggett followed with a basket to give his team some breathing room.

    Sheppard's long basket with 1:23 left in the contest put the Rams up 71-63. Seton Hall (1-2), which shot 42.3 percent for the game, went the final 3:08 without a point and missed its last eight field-goal attempts. It also did not help that the Pirates went 13-of-23 from the free-throw line.

    Rhode Island jumped out to a 9-0 lead before Mamukelashvili hit a pair of free throws at the 17-minute mark for Seton Hall's first points of the contest. Thanks to the early play of Russell and Leggett, the Rams led by as many 14 (23-9) during the first 20 minutes.

    However, the Pirates were not about to roll over and shook off some early shooting woes (3-of-11 start) to get back into the game. Seton Hall used a 9-0 run, capped by Jared Rhoden's turnaround jumper with 51 seconds left in the first half, to take a 35-34 led. Rhode Island, though, took a 36-35 lead into the break on a Jermaine Harris bucket.

    Seton Hall, which has been hindered by COVID-19 issues to its early schedule, was playing its third game in six days.

    Read the original here:
    Rhode Island sheds Seton Hall with late run - jacksonprogress-argus

    Study sheds light on how early coronavirus started circulating in U.S. – SILive.com - December 4, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. The coronavirus (COVID-19) was silently circulating through the United States in mid-December, a federal study published Monday found, indicating the virus was spreading globally weeks before scientists and health officials previously thought.

    The study, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, analyzed blood samples collected by the American Red Cross in nine states from Dec. 13 to Jan. 17 and found evidence of coronavirus antibodies in 106 of 7,389 donations.

    Specifically, 2% of results collected from California, Oregon and Washington (39 out of 1,912 samples collected from those areas) between Dec. 13 and Dec. 16, 2019 confirmed the presence of the virus. Additionally, antibodies were discovered in 67 samples from Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin in early January.

    The presence of antibodies indicates an individual was exposed to the coronavirus and that an immune response was triggered.

    The CDC previously analyzed seroprevalence the presence of a virus in a population based on blood samples in 10 different cities and states last spring and found the actual numbers of people infected with the virus was actually between two and 13 times higher than was previously confirmed through positive test results.

    The latest CDC study adds to the growing evidence that the coronavirus was stealthily circulating through the U.S. and the rest of the world before health officials and the public were aware. While the first confirmed coronavirus case in the U.S. was reported on Jan. 19, the findings suggest the virus had already gained a foothold well before widespread testing was available.

    Despite the research, the scientists who conducted the study said widespread community transmission was not likely until late February.

    The scientists said the study also reaffirmed the value of blood donations as a source for conducting SARS-CoV2 surveillance, adding that the research will help broaden the understanding of the virus as cases, hospitalizations and deaths once again surge across the country.

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    Study sheds light on how early coronavirus started circulating in U.S. - SILive.com

    Geologists to Shed Light on the Mantle with 3D Model – Eos - December 4, 2020 by Mr HomeBuilder

    Earths mantlethe 2,900-kilometer-thick layer of rock beneath the crustremains enigmatic, even to the scientists who study it.

    When it comes to the deep Earth, which is one of the unexplored frontiers of our planet, we simply cant drill deep enough to make any measurements of temperature or composition, said Pritwiraj Moulik, a postdoctoral associate in the University of Marylands Department of Geology.

    Thats why Moulik and other geologists are using seismological and other geophysical measurements to make a three-dimensional reference Earth model (REM-3D) of the mantle that can be used for everything from better understanding earthquakes to neutrino geosciences. The team will present project updates at AGUs Fall Meeting.

    Scientists rely on measurements of seismic waves, which are produced by earthquakes or explosions, to map out the interior of Earth, similar to how doctors use computerized tomography to understand whats going on inside a patient. Because the velocity of a seismic wave varies depending on the temperature and makeup of what its traveling through, researchers can use those measurements to create 3D images of mantle features.

    This process, called seismic tomography, is not new. But what makes the REM-3D project unique is that the team collected data and feedback from geologists and other scientists around the world. The number of data points is staggering: Researchers received 227 million surface wave measurements. And they incorporated four different kinds of waves, each of which better reflects a different part of the mantle, to finely tune the model.

    Incorporating all of these diverse constraints and the broad expertise in the community is a challenge because there are substantial differences in techniques, said Moulik, who stressed that it was remarkable how much dataand timeother deep-Earth researchers contributed to the project.

    Max Rudolph, an assistant professor in the University of California, Daviss Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, agreed that community involvement from deep-Earth researchers around the world makes this project stand out. And I think the fact that this has taken so long to come to maturity really reflects the monumental nature of the undertaking, he said.

    In crunching the data, the team has already made new discoveries about the mantle. For example, there has been some debate among geologists about the structure of rare, thousands-of-kilometers-wide mantle upwellings. Members of the team were able to show that the lower parts of the upwellings have a different, denser composition than the upper parts, which allows them to last for hundreds of millions of years instead of being transient features, said Moulik.

    Rudolph, who studies geological fluid mechanics, plans to use the 3D mantle representation in his own research to model mantle flows. He also envisions the new project serving as a launching point for smaller-scale models that could show finer levels of detail. Moulik echoed that idea, saying we want to be able to describe the haystack first with the 3D reference model before we go about finding needles.

    The new model could also help seismologists more accurately measure the magnitude and other properties of earthquakes, which they currently often do by fitting individual seismogram measurements with older, one-dimensional reference models. And Moulik noted that techniques developed to make this model could eventually be used for similar efforts to probe the interiors of other rocky planets.

    The model, as well as Web-based apps and underlying data sets, will ultimately be available to the public.

    Elizabeth Gribkoff (@eliz_gribkoff), Science Writer

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    Geologists to Shed Light on the Mantle with 3D Model - Eos

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