Painting a room is one of the more common projects that DIYers tackle on their own, but having to tape, prime, paint, and repaint just for a new look can be tiring. One coat paint is up to 20 percent more viscous, which allows it to be much more effective at covering up old coats of paint so that you dont need to spend time on a primer or on second coats. Though, keep in mind that one coat is a product title developed by manufacturers and not an absolute promise.

Choose your ideal one coat paint carefully. Consider the color, texture, paint type, and any additional features that would make it easier to use, like water resistance or an anti-drip formula. The best one coat paint for the bathroom isnt necessarily the best choice for the bedroom, the living room, or the ceiling. The list of top one coat paint products below has been compiled to help you learn more about the options available.

Whether youre picking out a one coat paint product to redo the living room or to add a pop of color to the bathroom, there are several factors to consider, including the intended use, the level of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the color and finish.

Paint is used inside and outside the home with a variety of formulas designed to protect and enhance that fall into either the oil-based category or the water-based category of paints.

The area where the one coat paint will be used is a great indicator of the appropriate paint product for the job. This is because certain areas around the home require water-resistant paint while other locations can get by with paint that offers some protection but is more for aesthetic appeal.

Painting a room isnt usually high on a list of dangerous projects, but without the proper ventilation and breathing protection, the fumes produced by paint can cause headaches, nausea, organ damage, and even loss of consciousness in extreme situations. These symptoms are typically caused by VOCs.

Low-VOC one coat paint contains about 0.4 ounces of these harmful chemicals per gallon of paint, and even products labeled as zero VOC can still contain 0.04 ounces per gallon. These user-friendly options arent as dangerous, though they may not yield the same results as a standard one coat paint, which is typically high in VOCs.

When deciding on a one coat paint product, the color is an obvious consideration that should be made depending on the desired aesthetic. The finish may require a bit more thought because it can be split into several categories, including flat, matte, eggshell, satin, semi-gloss, and high-gloss.

Water-based paints will dry quickly, but they will have a more difficult time adequately covering the old paint, while oil-based paints have good coverage, but they can take up to eight hours to dry to the touch and over 24 hours to fully cure. Coverage and drying time will also vary among specific products, so its important to take the time to read the product information and the manufacturers recommendations for use before deciding on a one coat paint product.

While one coat paint is thick enough to provide ample coverage, the color of the surface to be painted and the selected color of the new paint can be a concern. For instance, trying to paint a bright red wall with white paint will likely require more than one coat. In this case, one coat paint speaks more to the thick viscosity of the paint than to the actual result.

The products below were chosen using several criteria, including the important factors mentioned above as well as the price and overall quality. Check out this list to discover some of the best one coat paint products to update the interior of your home.

Photo: homedepot.com

Because it has a low-VOC percentage that doesnt pose the same risk as a standard paint product, this one coat acrylic paint product is a great option for bedrooms, hallways, dens, and other areas around the home that are difficult to ventilate. The paint comes in an 8-ounce bottle, 1-quart can, 1-gallon can, or 5-gallon bucket with five finish options, including flat, matte, eggshell, semi-gloss, and high-gloss. The ultra pure-white color cannot cover in just one coat unless its being used on a white wall, but it can be mixed to make a wide range of colors with more thorough coverage.

One gallon of paint covers up to 400 square feet of wall, with some consideration to the surface porosity and the color difference, such as the difficulty in covering a dark or patterned wall with light-colored paint. The paint requires about 24 hours to properly cure, at which point it becomes more durable and resistant to mold and mildew, allowing it to be cleaned regularly with soap and water without ill effect.

Photo: homedepot.com

A quick paint job is one of the best ways to update the decor of a home without spending a lot of money. This inexpensive one coat paint product is great for high-traffic areas like trim, baseboards, kitchens, and bathrooms because it has a high level of durability that isnt susceptible to wrinkling, bunching, cracking, or peeling while being cleaned.

The latex interior paint and primer combination is also resistant to moisture, mold, and mildew, helping to protect porous materials, like drywall, from microbial growth and water damage. It comes in a 1-quart, 1-gallon, or 5-gallon can with 1 gallon of paint providing between 300 and 400 square feet of coverage. This paint also has a low-odor and zero-VOC formula, making it a good choice for rooms that are more difficult to properly ventilate.

Photo: amazon.com

The premium KILZ TRIBUTE one coat paint and primer combination has superior coverage that makes it easy to cover up old, faded, and chipped paint with just one coat. The paint comes in a 1-quart or a 1-gallon can that can cover up to 400 square feet and has a 100 percent acrylic formula. This means that this one coat paint is water based and has a low number of VOCs, making it a great option for painting small bedrooms or basements where the ventilation may be poor.

This one coat paint comes in more than 20 colors and shades as well as four finishes, including flat, matte, eggshell, and semi-gloss. The paint has a quick dry time of just three hours but still requires about 24 hours to fully cure. Once cured, the paint is scrubbable and resistant to mildew, mold, and stains.

Photo: lowes.com

Mold, mildew, and water damage can be a problem in kitchens and bathrooms, but this water-resistant, antimicrobial one coat paint wont fade, peel, or become a source of mold growth after being subjected to showers, baths, changing temperatures, and high humidity levels. The combination paint and primer has an advanced stain-resistant formula that can be cleaned and scrubbed without damage or staining.

While the acrylic one coat paint comes in an ultra-white color, it can be tinted to provide a number of color options. This paint product also features a range of finishes, including satin, flat, eggshell, and semi-gloss in 1-gallon, 1-quart, or 5-gallon sizes. Once the paint has fully cured in about 24 hours, it becomes durable enough for regular cleaning and medium to hard scrubbing.

Photo: lowes.com

The ultra-white color palette of this one coat paint is a great choice for trim, baseboards, doors, and ceilings and is available in a range of sizes, including 1 gallon, 1 quart, or 5 gallons. The interior paint is also available in flat, eggshell, satin, and semi-gloss finishes so that the best level of reflectivity can be selected without having to find a different product.

This combination paint and primer is made for durability and long-lasting protection. Once the paint has fully cured, its resistant to flame, mold, mildew, staining, and moisture. The latex paint is also strong enough to withstand hard scrubbing and wont fade, flake, wrinkle, or shift so that the walls, trim, or ceiling can be washed regularly and still retain the vibrant ultra-white color.

Photo: amazon.com

Choose from four finishes, including flat, matte, eggshell, and semi-gloss, depending on whether the one coat paint will be used in the kitchen, bathroom, living room, bedroom, or anywhere else around the home. This interior paint comes in 1-gallon and 1-quart sizes so that the correct amount can be selected instead of a significant quantity of paint being left over.

The acrylic one coat paint has a low-odor and low-VOC formula that makes it easier and safer to paint small spaces, though proper ventilation should still be a primary concern before starting. The paint dries to the touch in about eight hours and fully cures in about 24 hours, at which point the paint can be washed, scrubbed, and cleaned without it chipping or fading.

If you still arent entirely certain about which paint to use, read below to find the answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about one coat paint and how its used.

One coat paint can be applied over another type of paint, though to ensure that the old paint doesnt show through, its important that the one coat paint has a similar or darker color.

After all, even one coat paint will require more than one coat if you are trying to paint a black wall with white paint.

There are several ways to match new paint to an existing wall color:

You can paint without a primer using one coat paint when repainting a wall or ceiling. If the intended surface is a new wall or ceiling, it would be beneficial to use a drywall primer and one or two coats of paint for proper wall protection.

One coat paint can be applied with a roller or with a paintbrush just like standard paint. For full one coat coverage, be sure that the paint is going on thick instead of trying to squeeze every drop of paint out of a dry roller.

One coat paint lasts about 10 years. This is standard for interior paints, though some may last up to 15 years before the paint begins to chip or fade and the walls need to be repainted.

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The Best One Coat Paint for Repainting the Interior of Your Home - BobVila.com

Lonie Alma Mason sitting on her custom-designed dining room table with a lava stone top and solid oak base. The bookcase is also one of her custom designs.

Lonie Alma Mason begins, I was born in Switzerland, grew up in Paris, but also spent five years in Germany. I come from a family of art historians and grew up with art. Though it is the tip of the iceberg when it comes to her art education, it will do for now. Years later, fresh with a degree in interior architecture and design from the prestigious cole Camondo in Paris, Lonie began to carve out her own career in the art world with a three-year stint at a design agency before she launched her own firm, LA.M Studio in 2014.

It will come as no surprise that her current space is full of works of art, each and every one of them with a story. Visiting her gracious, light-filled apartment in the tony 8th arrondissement of Paris is a study in cool contemporary meets custom design and beautiful materials. At approximately 1,600 square feet, the space is large enough to accommodate her studio office as well as her family and visitors. We have this nice large terrace with a great view of Paris, she adds.

Lonie describes her apartment, originally and intentionally a blank slate, as an opportunity. This is a rented place and we really wanted a white box, a classic space. This one has nice floors and moldings. We didnt change anything and I really just built it up. We just came in and added lots of custom furniture, which is a specialty of the studio. Lonie adds that her fianc has influenced the design as well. We are both collectors and there is lots of vintage.

The main salon has a large custom sofa in tinted oak covered with a blue linen velvet. The ikat pillows are from Turkey and the room is anchored by a painting by French artist Robert Combas. The two table lamps are prototypes by Lonies grandmother, artist Odile Mir. The larger marble coffee table is a custom design and the smaller one is Italian vintage from the 1970s.

Lonies apartment is full of art, both received as gifts throughout the years and collected with intention and care. There are also design pieces by her grandmother, artist Odile Mir. Lonie enthusiastically adds, I have a project of editions I am doing with my grandmother. A few years ago, completely by chance, we discovered a series of designs she did ages ago. She had never told me about them before, and when we found all of these models, some lighting, we decided to do a book together and to launch reeditions. At the time, they were sold at a store called Prisunic, a precursor to IKEA.

Although her style has been described as very French, she begs to disagree, stating, Im not sure about that description. I am inspired by travel and lots of other things. I pay attention to colors and materials, plus vintage and contemporary art. I want to design a personality for each project.

The big lithograph on the right is by German artist Georg Baselitz, a portrait of his wife, Elke. Lonie designed the light blue velvet stool for a hotel project in Dinard, France. The floors are the original parquet.

Paint it out Lonie says the original kitchen was all wood and felt like a chalet. She decided to paint it light blue with green trim and is now, in her opinion, one of the prettiest kitchens ever! A super simple thing, but it changed everything.

Art everywhere There are no rules when it comes to hanging art. Lean it, or hang it solo or in clusters. Lonie likes to group things around a theme, like women, which she has done in the Main Salon.

The pink silk curtains are by an Indian sari maker. The pair of vintage lounge chairs are from the 1930s and were reedited by Andre Putman for Ecart International. The vintage dining chairs in the background are covered in khaki-colored leather found at the Parisian Flea Market at Saint-Ouen. On the wall are artworks by Abdelkader Benchamma, Man Ray, and the works around the theme of women. In the fireplace is a chrome magazine stand designed by Odile Mir, which will be rereleased this year.

All products featured on Architectural Digest are independently selected by our editors. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission.

Crescent Moon Club Chairs, Ralph Pucci

Prints by Georg Baselitz, Lumas

The commode is custom designed. The vintage wall lights are from the Parisian Flea Market at Saint-Ouen and the photograph is by Raymond Depardon. Depardon came from a family of farmers. So does my fianc." Lonie shares. "This is one of his pieces and he said he wanted to wake up with this image of a cow every day. All of our art is super personal.

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A Paris Apartment Full of Vintage Finds and an Impressive Art Collection - Architectural Digest

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Flare Monitoring Market Size Analysis and Outlook to 2026-Potential Opportunities, Companies and Forecasts across Market by Diversified Mounting...

Impact of COVID-19 on Industry

The automotive market growth is anticipated to be hampered owing to the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. The market growth declined drastically when the manufacturing units experienced shutdowns for months and a deficiency in raw materials supply and shortage of human resources Owing to the ongoing crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the production, and supply chain activities have seen a minor slump. However, the market is likely to face a swift turnaround as the economy starts to stabilize.

Future Market Insights has adopted multi-disciplinary approach to shed light on the evolution of theAutomotive Plastic Interior Trims Marketduring the historical period. The study presents a deep-dive assessment of the current growth dynamics, major avenues in the estimation year of2020, and key prospects over the forecast period2018 to 2028.

Extensive rounds of primary and a comprehensive secondary research have been leveraged by the analysts at Future Market Insights to arrive at various estimations and projections of the Automotive Plastic Interior Trims Market, both at global and regional levels. The analysts have used numerous industry-wide prominent business intelligence tools to consolidate facts, figures, and market data into revenue estimations and projections in theAutomotive Plastic Interior Trims Market.

Key Players

Global Automotive Plastic Interior Trims Market: Market Participants

In the global market automotive plastic interior trims market, names of the some of the players engaged in the manufacturing & sales of automotive plastic interior trims across the global are:

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Segmentation

The global automotive plastic interior trims market can be segmented on the basis of application, vehicle type, sales channel and region.

On the basis of application, global automotive plastic interior trim market is segmented as:

The study endeavors to assess the current and future development possibilities, undiscovered roads, factors molding their income potential in the worldwide market by breaking it into segments such as its types, applications, and region-wise assessment.

On the basis of vehicle type, global automotive plastic interior trim market is segmented as:

On the basis of sales channel, global automotive plastic interior trim market is segmented as:

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Future Market Insights (FMI) is a leading provider of market intelligence and consulting services, serving clients in over 150 countries.FMIis headquartered in Dubai, the global financial capital, and has delivery centers in the U.S. and India. FMIs latestmarket research reportsand industry analysis help businesses navigate challenges and make critical decisions with confidence and clarity amidst breakneck competition. Our customized and syndicated market research reports deliver actionable insights that drive sustainable growth. A team of expert-led analysts at FMI continuously tracks emerging trends and events in a broad range of industries to ensure that our clients prepare for the evolving needs of their consumers.

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Automotive Plastic Interior Trims Market 2021 Size, Industry Share, Growth, Trends And Top Key Players: CIE Automotive,Neaton Auto Products...

Global Automotive and Instrument Panels Market Data Survey Report is latest research study released by HTF MI evaluating the market, highlighting opportunities, risk side analysis, and leveraged with strategic and tactical decision-making support (2021-2026). The study provides information on market trends and development, drivers, capacities, technologies, and on the changinginvestment structure of the Global Automotive and Instrument Panels Market. Some of the key players profiled in the study are Visteon, Faurecia, Johnson Controls, IAC, TOYODA GOSEI, Magna, Mayco International, Sanko Gosei, Reydel, Daikyonishikawa, Samvardhana Motherson, Yanfeng Automotive Trim, Huaxiang Electronic, Tri-Ring, Jinxing Automotive Interior, Changshu Automotive Trim, Xinquan Automotive Trim, Drinda Automotive Trim, Jiangyin Mould & Plastic, Yuanchi Group, Taizhou Jinsong, Shenzhou Automobile Internal, Haqing Sujiao & Qisu Automotive Trim.

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Automotive and Instrument Panels Market Overview:If you are involved in the Automotive and Instrument Panels industry or intend to be, then this study will provide you comprehensive outlook. Its vital you keep your market knowledge up to date segmented by Economy automobiles & Middle and high end automobiles, , Hard Automotive Instrument Panels & Soft Automotive Instrument Panels and major players. If you want to classify different company according to your targeted objective or geography we can provide customization according to your requirement.

Automotive and Instrument Panels Market: Demand Analysis & Opportunity Outlook 2026

Automotive and Instrument Panels research study is to define market sizes of various segments & countries by past years and to forecast the values by next 5 years. The report is assembled to comprise each qualitative and quantitative elements of the industry facts including: market share, market size (value and volume 2015-2020, and forecast to 2026) which admire each countries concerned in the competitive examination. Further, the study additionally caters the in-depth statistics about the crucial elements which includes drivers & restraining factors that defines future growth outlook of the market.

Important years considered in the study are:Historical year 2015-2020 ; Base year 2020; Forecast period** 2021 to 2026 [** unless otherwise stated]

The segments and sub-section of Automotive and Instrument Panels market are shown below:

The Study is segmented by following Product Type: Hard Automotive Instrument Panels & Soft Automotive Instrument Panels

Major applications/end-users industry are as follows: Economy automobiles & Middle and high end automobiles

Some of the key players/Manufacturers involved in the Market are Visteon, Faurecia, Johnson Controls, IAC, TOYODA GOSEI, Magna, Mayco International, Sanko Gosei, Reydel, Daikyonishikawa, Samvardhana Motherson, Yanfeng Automotive Trim, Huaxiang Electronic, Tri-Ring, Jinxing Automotive Interior, Changshu Automotive Trim, Xinquan Automotive Trim, Drinda Automotive Trim, Jiangyin Mould & Plastic, Yuanchi Group, Taizhou Jinsong, Shenzhou Automobile Internal, Haqing Sujiao & Qisu Automotive Trim

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If opting for the Global version of Automotive and Instrument Panels Market analysis is provided for major regions as follows: North America (USA, Canada and Mexico) Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Russia , Italy and Rest of Europe) Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, India and Southeast Asia) South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, rest of countries etc.) Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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Key Answers Captured in Study areWhich geography would have better demand for product/services?What strategies of big players help them acquire share in regional market?Countries that may see the steep rise in CAGR & year-on-year (Y-O-Y) growth?How feasible is market for long term investment?What opportunity the country would offer for existing and new players in the Automotive and Instrument Panels market?Risk side analysis involved with suppliers in specific geography?What influencing factors driving the demand of Automotive and Instrument Panels near future?What is the impact analysis of various factors in the Global Automotive and Instrument Panels market growth?What are the recent trends in the regional market and how successful they are?

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There are 15 Chapters to display the Global Automotive and Instrument Panels market.Chapter 1, About Executive Summary to describe Definition, Specifications and Classification of Global Automotive and Instrument Panels market, Applications [Economy automobiles & Middle and high end automobiles], Market Segment by Types , Hard Automotive Instrument Panels & Soft Automotive Instrument Panels;Chapter 2, objective of the study.Chapter 3, to display Research methodology and techniques.Chapter 4 and 5, to show the Automotive and Instrument Panels Market Analysis, segmentation analysis, characteristics;Chapter 6 and 7, to show Five forces (bargaining Power of buyers/suppliers), Threats to new entrants and market condition;Chapter 8 and 9, to show analysis by regional segmentation[Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, South America & Middle East & Africa ], comparison, leading countries and opportunities; Regional Marketing Type Analysis, Supply Chain AnalysisChapter 10, to identify major decision framework accumulated through Industry experts and strategic decision makers;Chapter 11 and 12, Global Automotive and Instrument Panels Market Trend Analysis, Drivers, Challenges by consumer behavior, Marketing ChannelsChapter 13 and 14, about vendor landscape (classification and Market Ranking)Chapter 15, deals with Global Automotive and Instrument Panels Market sales channel, distributors, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.

Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Asia or Oceania [Australia and New Zealand].

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Automotive and Instrument Panels Market to Witness Massive Growth From 2021 to 2026 Atlantic Financial Management - Atlantic Financial Management

Taking a leaf out of Nissans book: The latest model strikes a sensible balance between physical buttons and touch-sensitive interfaces.

Turning over a new Leaf

At first glance, anyone familiar with Nissan design will recognise the signature boomerang-shaped lamps, 'V-motion' front surround, while the blue elements such as the front grille and rear bumper's moulding highlight the all-electric, zero-emission character of the car.

Measuring 4.49 metres long, 1.79 metres wide and 1.54 metres high with a wheelbase of 2.70 metres, the better-looking Leaf provides plenty of head and shoulder room for front seat occupants.

Four trim grades are available, starting with the Visia, rising to the Acenta, N-Connecta and top-drawer Tekna. Creature comforts on our Tekna include part leather/suede trim, heated front and rear seats, auto-dimming interior rearview mirror, Bose audio system with seven speakers dotted around the cabin and subwoofer in the boot.

One of the most popular features in the original Leaf is the ability to set the car's climate control to activate at a particular time, warming the car up or cooling it down before beginning a journey. This allows drivers to save battery charge by warming or cooling the car from the mains supply while it is charging.

The redesigned interior features a 'gliding wing' design, accentuated with blue stitching (giving a subtle nod to its electric credentials) in the seats, dashboard and steering wheel. The display and dials on the centre console are intuitive and well set out. And, joy of joys, not everything is controlled via the customisable touchscreen as there are some buttons and switches to operate the HVAC located lower down on the centre stack. Plus all the switches feel nicely damped. The circular drive selector further adds to the car's effortless driving feel.

Material-wise, the areas of the cabin that are touched the most are swathed in soft materials, while other parts are hard plastic set beneath a dark headliner. A leather-trimmed heated steering wheel, high-gloss black inserts hither and thither and satin chrome interior door handles add to the classy feel. Elsewhere in the cabin, just about every last nook and cranny has been used for storing all your bits and bobs although the rear door bins are tiny compared to certain rivals.

Despite the slightly lofty driver seating position, thanks in part to the fact that the seat is perched directly above the battery, forward visibility is hindered due to the relatively thick A-pillars. Rearward visibility is not much better although the standard fitment reversing camera assists in this respect. Higher level trims come with a useful 360-degree camera providing a bird's eye view on the display screen of the car's environment.

Further back, the top-rung Tekna boot (taking account of the amplifier and subwoofer) offers 420 litres of luggage space, increasing to 1,161 litres with the 60/40 rear seats flipped forward.

Advanced driver assistance systems

In the ADAS department, standard features from entry grade include electronic brake force distribution, brake assist, and hill start assist, traffic sign recognition and blind spot warning. Also standard from Visia grade, as is intelligent emergency braking with pedestrian and cyclist recognition. Advanced safety technology systems such as lane departure warning, intelligent lane intervention and rear cross traffic alert are also part of this model's standard equipment. It also incorporates ProPilot driver assistance for a safer, more comfortable drive and ProPilot Park, for fully autonomous parking.

ProPilotis designed for use within a single lane on a highway, and is optimised for use in heavy traffic or in high-speed cruising scenarios

The driver can activate ProPilot by setting a desired cruising speed and distance. Supported by Radar and Camera, ProPilot will adjust the speed to traffic ahead and keep the car in the centre of the lane. In traffic jams, ProPilot will automatically manage distance to the car in front and apply the brakes to bring the vehicle to a full stop if necessary. After stopping, the vehicle will remain in place even if the driver's foot is off the brake. Once traffic restarts, the car will resume driving again automatically. If the traffic stops for over 3 seconds, ProPilot will restart at a simple touch of the accelerator or by pressing on the steering wheel.

ProPilot Parkis hands off, feet off automatic parking function. It works with parallel and bay parking (forwards or backwards entry), and will park the new Nissan LEAF when the driver selects one of the spots proposed by the system.

Also worthy of mention is the Leaf's clever e-Pedal that can enable acceleration, deceleration and full stop by deftly increasing or decreasing the pressure applied to the accelerator. By releasing the accelerator, the car will decelerate and come to a complete stop, even hill holding, without the need to press the brake pedal. With a deceleration rate of up to 0.2G, the e-Pedal eliminates the need for drivers to constantly move their foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal to slow down or stop. This helps reduce fatigue and stress in daily city driving, allowing the driver to use the brake pedal up to 90% less than in conventional cars.

Infotainment

On the infotainment front, the Leaf features an eight-inch touchscreen positioned centre stage. It displays all the usual key features, including information from the audio and navigation systems. It incorporates Nissan Connect EV Navigation System that includes Bluetooth connectivity and DAB Radio. In addition to standard navigation features it also includes real-time information on the nearest charge points. Apple CarPlay and Android Auto are also available.

Under the bonnet

The e-powertrain delivers 110kW of power (150 HP) and 320Nm of torque. In a straight line, the Leaf will shift from a standstill to 62 mph in just under 7 seconds. Charging is pretty fast too. The battery can be recharged to around 80 per cent in just under an hour using a 100kW charger while a full charge takes about nine hours using a 7kW domestic wall box. On the combined cycle, it provides a driving range of up to 168 miles on the combined cycle, or up to 258 miles in city conditions, on a single charge.

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A critical phase during product design and development is verification of your design. Design verification can be attained either by simulation or prototyping. Prototyping is usually the preferred method for design verification for smaller plastic parts because of its cost effectiveness, accuracy, and convenience.

Not too long ago there were only two prototyping options available to designers and engineers machined/hand-fabricated prototypes or prototype injection molded parts. Today, many more options are available, the most popular of which is 3D rapid prototyping. However, every prototyping method has its advantages as well as limitations. This article will review the various plastic prototyping options based on their advantages and disadvantages to help you decide which method is best suited for your needs.

Below is a list of currently available plastic prototyping methods:

Selecting the best option should be based on your requirements. A suggested list of important considerations include:

Not too long ago there were very few options for creating plastic prototypes. Approximately 25 years ago, all plastic prototypes were either machined, hand fabricated, cast, or, to a very limited extent, injection molded using temporary tooling. There were no other options.

Fabricating a plastic prototype was extremely expensive, time consuming, and highly inaccurate. Only a very limited group of shops offered prototype injection molding, which was very expensive coupled with long lead times. This option was rarely utilized. Most plastic prototypes, therefore, were hand fabricated or, in some cases, CNC machined.

We must also remember that designs were being detailed predominantly in traditional 2D, since 3D CAD was still in its infancy. In those days, 3D CAD was mostly wire frame or very primitive solid modeling. Engineering production-like prototypes were hand fabricated based on a manual interpretation of 2D drawings. This often resulted in significant deviations from the prints because of the model makers interpretations or errors, and the limitations of the tools. Designers patiently waited for weeks and many times months for the prototype, which was always a bottleneck in the design process. It was a nail-biting experience, since one never knew how the design would turn out. In addition, one always questioned the accuracy of the model, never knowing if the model maker fudged the design that would camouflage errors until the parts were molded.

Today, 3D CAD modeling, computer simulation, and many prototyping options have exponentially accelerated the design process. Projects that at one time required a year to develop can now be completed in a month or two, and sometimes in weeks! 3D CAD models can now be accurately replicated with all the subtle details including draft, radii, embossed logos, and dozens of other critical features without any human interpretation or error. Of course, this paradigm change is a result of 3D CAD, 3D printing, and CNC machining. However, if any of these prototyping options are misapplied, the results may lead to erroneous conclusions. Designers should select a prototyping method best suited to their requirements. I will review these prototyping options based on the 12 previously stated considerations.

Before you decide on a prototyping method, you should first ask yourself: What is the purpose of the prototype? Prototypes are used for many different reasons. For example, you may need a realistic-looking, non-functional model to present to marketing or sales. This model must have the correct surface finish, colors, graphics, and materials to accurately represent the final production design so viewers can evaluate the appearance. In other situations, your prototype will be subjected to harsh chemicals or impact tests. You may need a prototype to evaluate human factors such as the force to snap release a plastic cover or bottle cap. You may want to evaluate the ease of assembly and serviceability. Lastly, you may simply want to quickly evaluate a concept at minimal cost. All these situations will lead you to a different prototyping option.

An appearance model does not necessarily require internal features or individual parts. If the part is small less than a 10-in. cube it may be ideally suited for FDM printing in ABS. However, if the part is large like a refrigerator, it may be ideally suited for hand fabrication using REN shape or wood. If the refrigerator-sized product has hinged doors and a finished interior, it may be best suited for a combination of methods including FDM, vacuum forming, and wood. Its important for you, as a designer, to understand how the prototype will be fabricated since you may be required to provide the modelmaker with the CAD files for each part of the overall model. These parts will be very different from the actual production parts.

Models should be distinguished from prototypes based on their sole purpose to communicate the appearance and aesthetics of a design concept versus the products function. Although models may lack internal details, the complexity and skill required to develop a high-quality aesthetic model is quite challenging. The planning and skill levels for the designer as well as the model maker are equally demanding. Designers are required to design parts specifically for a non-functional model vs. a set of production parts. For example, a non-functional model of a product like the one shown below would require the following parts:

The 3D-printed parts would be best suited for a fine build FDM or SLA. The elastomeric trim could be printed in an elastomer using SLA technology, as FDM would yield too rough a surface. Conversely the medical device shown below could be fabricated using a combination of CNC-machined REN shape, FDM, and hand-fabricated sheet.

Lead time and turn-around time for fabricating one or more prototypes is often a critical consideration during the development process. Sometimes the fastest method of prototyping something is simply to pick up a tool and cut a piece of plastic into a shape that represents the part and testing it. Although this is not exactly the most accurate method for making a prototype, it is the cheapest, quickest, and most convenient one. Medium to large parts are often much faster to fabricate versus print, especially if they are designed as large planar surfaces. The second fastest method is in-house 3D FDM printing or CNC machining, depending on your equipment. Today, most companies and design firms have in-house 3D printers, which can print medium- to high-quality parts on demand. Independent prototyping facilities will typically convert 3D CAD files into parts based on the following general turn-around times:

It should be noted that the turn-around times listed in the table are realistic general time ranges. Some vendors may be able to respond much faster or slower depending on workload, complexity of the project, and number of parts.

Although injection molding is the most popular plastic molding process, there are many other processes available for manufacturing plastic products. Most 3D rapid prototyping is optimized for injection-molded parts, since the tooling investment and part complexity are the most extreme for this process. Other processes like blow molding, vacuum forming, rotational molding, and extrusion are also specified for processing plastic parts. Each process has its own set of unique design criteria, choice of materials, and type of part geometry.

Blow-molded bottles, for example, are typically manufactured in polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or polypropylene (PP). Prototyping a PE blow-molded bottle in a 1-mm wall utilizing any of the rapid prototyping methods is not available today. However, a blow-molded PE bottle can be prototyped by creating an SLS or FDM blow mold and molding a few samples. There are several vendors offering this type of service. The same is true for other plastic molding processes, where the mold is either 3D printed or CNC machined, and a small quantity of parts are molded in the actual material. Prototyping plastic parts based on the actual material and molding process provides you with the most accurate representation of the final production part. Injection-molded prototype parts in the actual material will be almost identical to the production parts. They can be tested and evaluated based on the performance of the specified resin, molded-in stresses, as well as the part tolerances. Large structural foam molded parts are best suited for CNC fabrication or FDM, with a 70% to 80% part density. Since structural foam molded parts are typically large, you may be required to split them into smaller pieces that are printed and assembled into one larger piece.

Plastic parts are often required to comply with very tight tolerances. Tolerances are especially critical for features such as snap fits, press fits, sliding parts, or optical assemblies. Controlling tolerances and surface finish in prototypes is highly dependent on the material, equipment, prototyping process, part size, and build speed. FDM typically yields parts with tolerances ranging from +/- 0.008 to +/- 0.02 in. SLA tolerances are much tighter than FDM parts, yielding parts with tolerances in the range of +/- 0.004 to +/- 0.007 in. SLS parts are like those of SLA. CNC parts can be machined to within +/- 0.0005 in. for reamed holes and +/- 0.002 in. non-cumulative. This is the most accurate prototyping option.

Cast polyurethane or epoxy tolerances are very imprecise because of the number of variables associated with the process. Tolerance stack-ups accumulate starting with the pattern, silicone mold, resin shrinkage, and, finally, secondary handling operations. Tolerances for cast polyurethanes can range from +/- 0.01 to as much as +/- 0.06 in. depending on all the variables previously cited.

One of the big challenges of any prototyping method is accurate rendition of fine design details. Preserving part features is highly dependent on the same parameters previously mentioned, which are listed below:

A brief review of resolution and accurate replication of design features is provided below for each of the prototyping options.

Rendition of details of handmade prototypes are obviously dependent on the craftsman. A highly skilled craftsman can exceed the resolution of most rapid prototyping machines; however, most handmade prototypes are crude and very basic. The reasons are obviously based on efficiency, cost, and skill level. This option is therefore at the bottom of the list for accurate replication of design features.

CNC machining is at the bottom of the list for reproducing fine design details of an injection molded part. There are two major reasons for this ranking. First, most of the features of an injection-molded part cannot be machined from a single block of plastic. CNC machines are restricted by cutter diameters and depth of reach. For example, a two-inch-deep pair of ribs spaced 0.09 in. apart would be impossible to machine from a single block of plastic because there are no 0.09-in.-diameter cutters that are long enough. CNC prototypes, therefore, are separated into many smaller pieces and bonded together to form the intended final part, or injection parts must be redesigned for the CNC machining process.

Cast polyurethane is frequently specified as a cost-effective means of replicating five to 100 parts. The reproduction of part features is as good as the original pattern used to create the silicone rubber mold. One should be alerted to the fact that the quality of cast polyurethane parts is highly dependent on the vendor, staff, and QC procedures they employ. Replication of fine details is highly dependent on the casting technique, quality of the mold, and all the secondary operations that are inherent in the process. Although cast parts can replicate details as fine as a fingerprint, the high labor content inherent in this process typically results in very inconsistent quality.

Temporary injection mold tooling will provide you with prototypes that are virtually identical to the final production parts. It should be noted that the replication of design details is dependent on the tooling quality and processing conditions. This option is also the most expensive and lengthy in turnaround time.

Vacuum formed and composite parts are distinctly different from injection-molded parts based on the process, part geometry, tooling, and materials. Prototypes for either of these two processes are typically large parts greater than 2 x 2 ft which are basically a surface with mounting features bonded to the rear side after molding. Parts molded in these processes typically dont have fine details.

The second part of this two-article series will cover the remainder of considerations listed below:

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at 516-482-2181 or via email,paloian@idsys.com.

About the author

Michael Paloian is President ofIntegrated Design Systems Inc.(IDS), located in Oyster Bay, New York. He has an undergraduate degree in plastics engineering from UMass Lowell and a master's of industrial design from Rhode Island School of Design. Paloian has an in-depth knowledge of designing parts in numerous processes and materials, including plastics, metals, and composites. Paloian holds more than 40 patents and was past chair of SPE RMD and PD3. He frequently speaks at SPE, SPI, ARM, MD&M, and IDSA conferences. He has also written hundreds of design-related articles for many publications. He can be reached by phone at 516/482-2181 or via e-mail, paloian@idsys.com.

Excerpt from:
To Find the Optimal Prototyping Method, Start by Asking the Right Questions - Plastics Today

If you've always dreamed of living in a castle, this is your chance but you'llneed nearly $9 million, and you'llhave to move to Hamilton.

The 12-bedroom castle at 26 Ravenscliffe Ave. in Hamilton is now listed for sale.

This 12-bedroom castle is now for sale in Hamilton.

It's labelled asa single family home on Realtor, butRavenscliffe Castle is not your run-of-the-mill two-bedroom bungalow in steel town.

Ravensciliffe Castle is located at the base of the Hamilton escarpment.

Ravenscliffe Castle was built with Romanesque and Gothic styles in 1881 and was designed by James Balfour, the same architect behind Hamilton's old city hall and many other well-known buildings in Hamilton.

Ravenscliffe Castle was built with Romanesque and Gothic styles in 1881 and was designed by James Balfour.

Provincial politician Sir John Gibson, who was best known forthe Gibson Act for the prevention of cruelty to children, was one of its early owners, according to the Hamilton Spectator.

The home'sceiling medallions remain intact.

The castle is located at the base of the Hamilton escarpment near "many of Hamilton's most extravagant century estates."

There is a wood grand staircase.

The castle was for sale back in 2014, but at that time it was listed for just $1.75 million.

The home has much of its original woodwork, trim and wainscoting.

It has likely seen some upgrades since then, butthe original carved woodwork, trim, wainscoting, doors, mouldings, and ceiling medallions remain intact.

In keeping with castle style, there is a replica of the Mona Lisa in the living room.

There are a total of 12 bedrooms, eightfireplaces, a turret, and a five-storey tower.

There is plenty of space to host huge gatherings.

The kitchen has an old-world feel but with new appliances.

The kitchen is bright and spacious.

The bedrooms appear to have tons of room.

This bedroom has tons of natural light.

There are also eight bathrooms.

The bathrooms are large and some come with a soaker tub.

There'seven a place to play pool...

The games room has more wood panel features in keeping with the style of the castle.

...And a spooky-looking basement.

According to the realtor, the furniture and antique 1928 Ford car are included.

Theantique 1928 Ford car parked here is included.

If you're looking for somewhere to host your next ball, this could be the place.

Read the rest here:
12-bedroom castle on sale for $9 million in Hamilton comes with antique car - blogTO

We could spend all day staring at modified classic Chevy C10s, however, without General Motors churning out the original versions like the 1974 Chevy C10 back in the days, we would never have had these awesome custom-builds. The 1974 model was among the third-generation versions of the Chevy C10s that had a production run from 1973 to 1991, making it the longest-produced generation version of the C10s.

Officially known as the Rounded-Line generation, the third-generation series debuted in 1972 for the 1973 model year with a completely new design and a product range that included the traditional two-door pickup, chassis cab trucks, as well as a newly introduced four-door crew cab pickup truck. Although it was produced in the second year of the series, the 1974 Chevy C10 had its fair share of impressive features.

The chassis consists of an all-steel ladder-type frame with a drop center design which allows for easy entry and exit due to the low cab mounting. It also features strong and durable deep-section channel side rails equipping the truck to withstand the duties of hard truck use.

Furthermore, the chassis features two-stage multi-leaf rear springs built to provide strong, firm, and steady support when the truck is loaded or empty.

RELATED: This Is What Makes The 1964 Chevrolet C10 A Classic Truck

For power, the trucks rely on either six or eight-cylinder engines. The Chevy six-cylinder engine has a displacement of 250 cu in and a compression ratio of 8.5 to 1.

However, the standard engine on most C10s is the 350 2-barrel V8, while a 4-barrel carburetor version of the same engine is optional.

Finding the perfect driving position in a vehicle could be hard sometimes, hence, to mitigate this problem in the 1974 Chevy C10, General Motors fitted the truck with an adjustable steering column called the Comfortilt steering wheel.

This steering can be adjusted to six different positions to provide maximum comfort for a diverse set of drivers. Notably, the Comfortilt steering wheel can be found on C10 models with both an automatic or 4-speed transmission.

RELATED: A Detailed Look Back At The 1965 Chevy C10

The Cheyenne Super interior option gives the 1974 Chevy C10s cabin an exquisite demeanor. The cabin is fitted with a bench seat with a full-depth foam cushion of about 7 inches thick. The foam cushion is then upholstered in special all-vinyls or herringbone striped nylon cloth with nylon bolsters.

Also, the Cheyenne Super interior consists of full-gauge instrumentation set in a simulated wood-grained panel, finished in bright trim as well as door trim panels with wood-grain inserts and storage pockets.

The 1974 C10 pickups appearance is enhanced with chrome front and rear bumpers made of heavy-gauge steel. Also, the truck is fitted with drip moldings that collect and direct water flow from the roof, a lockable sliding rear window that increases ventilation while also providing an improved camper-to-cab communication.

Notably, the 8-feet Fleetside pickup features an exterior tool and storage compartment made of a reinforced plastic box.

4-wheel drive is standard on all models of the 1974 Chevrolet trucks with V8 engines making it a full-time feature its a two-axled vehicle drivetrain designed to send and focus torque to all four wheels at the same time.

Also, the full-time 4-wheel drive feature on the V8 C10s allows for constant compensation for speed variation on the rear and front axles, thereby constantly supplying driving force to both.

The third-gen Chevrolet truck featured a new and improved set of powerful brakes. To determine the appropriate fit, the ordered trucks gross weight rating is computer-matched with a complete set of braking systems with heavier duty brake systems assigned to heavier-duty trucks.

Also, the trucks have front disc brakes with a road splash shield as a standard feature they are fade resistant and recover quickly from water immersion effects.

RELATED: Flaming 1972 Chevrolet C10 Restomod Is An ISCA Champ

The Fleetside model 8-feet body is fitted with a deep-embossed steel floor as a standard feature, while a wood floor with steel skid stripes was optionally available. However, for the Stepside model, the body floor is made of kiln-dried long-grain southern pine boards and steel skid stripes braced by heavy steel cross sills.

Also, the rear light is made of tough Lexan lenses which are extremely durable and tougher than acrylic plastics.

Changing to a spare tire could be a relatively easy task when the right tools are available, otherwise, it could be one of the hardest things to do on a vehicle. Knowing this, General Motors fitted the 1974 Chevy C10 with a Glide-out spare tire carrier to reduce the burden of the several processes involved in changing tires.

This feature provides easy access to the spare tire located underneath the truck.

General Motors fitted the 1974 Chevy C10 wheels with finned-drum rear brakes that are cast in iron-steel for efficient cooling. These brakes also feature curved outer edges keeping contaminants away from the linings.

Furthermore, the wheels are wrapped in whitewall tires of different sizes (including G78-15B tubeless tires for the regular cab trucks) and capacities while a set of four stainless steel wheel covers provides protection as well as an esthetical enhancement for the wheels.

NEXT: Hoonigan Highlights Custom Chevy C10 Body On A Stock Car Chassis

Next These Are The 10 Most Overengineered Cars Ever

Olakunle has contributed as a writer on several platforms over the years. Right from childhood, hes been fascinated by the world of automobiles. Hence, he finds contributing to HotCars quite interesting a surreal experience.

See the original post here:
1974 Chevy C10: The Coolest Features On This Pickup Truck - HotCars

Packaging is an essential part of semiconductor manufacturing and design. It affects power, performance and cost on a macro level, and the basic functionality of all chips on a micro level. Most semiconductor devices today are enclosed in a package to prevent damage to the die and the connecting wires and also the packaging supports in prevention of corrosion and dissipating heat produced in the device. The various equipments used in semiconductor packaging include, deflashing equipment, molding equipment, solder plating equipment, trim and forming equipment, and others

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The major factors that are boosting the growth of the semiconductor packaging equipment market are the rising complexity of semiconductor IC designs and growing demand for polymer adhesive wafer bonding equipment. In addition, the proliferation of artificial intelligence, IoT and connected devices across industry verticals is anticipated to provide significant growth opportunities for the semiconductor packaging equipment market growth in the coming years.

The report also includes the profiles of key Semiconductor Packaging Equipment companies along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies. In addition, the report focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, components and services offered, financial information of the last three years, key developments in the past five years.

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Competitive scenario:

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Semiconductor Packaging Equipment Market Recent Technological Advancements to Propel Growth of the Market in Foreseeable Future by 2027 FLA News -...