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A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper, thin cardboard, plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic, marked with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing card games. Playing cards are typically palm-sized for convenient handling.

A complete set of cards is called a pack (UK English), deck (US English), or set (Universal); and the subset of cards held at one time by a player during a game is commonly called a hand. A deck of cards may be used for playing a variety of card games, with varying elements of skill and chance, some of which are played for money. Playing cards are also used for illusions, cardistry, building card structures, cartomancy and memory sport.

The front (or "face") of each card carries markings that distinguish it from the other cards in the deck and determine its use under the rules of the game being played. The back of each card is identical for all cards in any particular deck, and usually of a single color or formalized design. Usually every card will be smooth; however, some decks have braille to allow blind people to read the card number and suit. The backs of playing cards are sometimes used for advertising.[1] For most games, the cards are assembled into a deck, and their order is randomized by shuffling.

Playing cards were invented in Imperial China.[2][3][4] They were found in China as early as the 9th century during the Tang Dynasty (618907).[5][6][7] The first reference to card games dates from the 9th century, when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang, written by Tang Dynasty writer Su E, described Princess Tongchang, daughter of Emperor Yizong of Tang, playing the "leaf game" in 868 with members of the Wei clan, the family of the princess' husband.[4][8][9]:131 The Song Dynasty (9601279) scholar Ouyang Xiu (10071072) asserted that playing cards and card games existed at least since the mid-Tang Dynasty and associated their invention with the simultaneous development of using sheets or pages instead of paper rolls as a writing medium.[3][4] The first known book on cards called Yezi Gexi was allegedly written by a Tang era woman, and was commented on by Chinese writers of subsequent dynasties.[3]

By the 11th century, playing cards could be found throughout the Asian continent.[9]:309 During the Ming Dynasty (13681644), characters from novels such as the Water Margin were widely featured on the faces of playing cards.[9]:132

Ancient Chinese "money cards" have four suits: coins (or cash), strings of coins (which may have been misinterpreted as sticks from crude drawings), myriads (of coins or of strings), and tens of myriads (a myriad is 10,000). These were represented by ideograms, with numerals of 29 in the first three suits and numerals 19 in the "tens of myriads". Wilkinson suggests that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which were both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for,[2] as in trading card games. The designs on modern Mahjong tiles likely evolved from those earliest playing cards. However, it may be that the first deck of cards ever printed was a Chinese domino deck, in whose cards all 21 combinations of a pair of dice are depicted. In Kuei-t'ien-lu, a Chinese text redacted in the 11th century, domino cards were printed during the Tang Dynasty, contemporary to the first printed books. The Chinese word pi () is used to describe both paper cards and gaming tiles.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the early 14th century, probably from Mamluk Egypt, with suits (sets of cards with matching designs) very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins (also known as disks or pentacles), and which are still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese decks.[10] The first documentary evidence is a document written in Vitoria-Gasteiz (now Spain) in 1334, in which the Knights of the Band are categorically prohibited from playing cards.[11] Their presence is attested in Catalonia in 1371.[12] Wide use of playing cards in Europe can, with some certainty, be traced from 1377 onwards.[13]

The Mameluke deck contained 52 cards comprising four "suits:" polo sticks, coins, swords, and cups. Each suit contained ten "spot" cards (cards identified by the number of suit symbols or "pips" they show) and three "court" cards named malik (King), n'ib malik (Viceroy or Deputy King), and thn n'ib (Second or Under-Deputy). The Mameluke court cards showed abstract designs not depicting persons (at least not in any surviving specimens), though they did bear the names of military officers.

A complete pack of Mameluke playing cards was discovered by Leo Mayer in the Topkap Palace, Istanbul, in 1939.[14] This particular complete pack was not made before 1400, but the complete deck was matched to a privately owned fragment dated to the 12th or 13th century. It is not a complete deck, but there are cards of three packs of the same style.[15]

It is not known whether these cards influenced the design of the Indian cards used for the game of Ganjifa, or whether the Indian cards may have influenced these. Regardless, the Indian cards have many distinctive features: they are round, generally hand painted with intricate designs, and comprise more than four suitsoften as many as thirty two, like a deck in the Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum, painted in the Mewar, a city in Rajasthan, between the 18th and 19th century. Decks used to play have from eight up to twenty suits.

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Playing card - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mold Inspection San Jose - 888-217-2719
Mold Inspection San Jose - CALL: 888-217-2719 or Visit our website: http://a-1certifiedenvironmentalservices.com/ Mold Testing San Jose, Campbell, Cupertino,...

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1 Year Later, Superstorm Sandy Strengthens Resolve for Community Solutions in Recovery, Rebuilding
http://www.democracynow.org - Today marks the first anniversary of Superstorm Sandy hitting the New York region, becoming one of the most destructive storms ...

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1 Year Later, Superstorm Sandy Strengthens Resolve for Community Solutions in Recovery, Rebuilding - Video

If youre looking for the Best Mold Removal and Mold Testing Company in New Jersey or the Philadelphia, PA Metro area, look no further. Our mold remediation experts provide mold cleanup, mold testing, blood cleanup and hoarding cleanup services in Northern New Jersey, South Jersey, the Jersey Shore, Philadelphia and surrounding counties in PA.

For home and property owners, the discovery of mold and mildew can be frightening. Worries about family health and safety, possible loss of property value, and the cost of cleanup can lead to many sleepless nights. No matter how extensive the mold problem, proper mitigation can restore the property to safety and maintain its value. The mold removal professionals at Mastertech understand property owners anxieties, and can assess the extent of mold contamination and prepare a detailed plan for containment and removal. Mastertech Environmental - New Jerseys Top rated Mold Removal and Mold testing Company.

Your home is supposed to be a safe, healthy place for your family to spend time together and go about your daily lives. However, when you find you have a mold problem in your property, youll need to choose a trust-worthy and professional mold removal company to help you with your New Jersey mold removal. At Mastertech Environmental, we can help you with our long list of mold removal services, including mold damage repair, water damage restoration and mold testing in NJ.

Safe and Effective Mold Removal & Cleanup for New Jersey Homes & Businesses.

Every mold remediation project starts with a thorough, visual mold inspection and moisture mapping. Our mold removal professionals will come to your home or business to assess your situation and determine how big of a mold problem you have. When it comes to mold in a home or building, removal and proper cleanup is critical to the integrity of your home, as well as the health of your family. Our mold removal experts have all the knowledge and tools necessary to eliminate your mold problem so you can feel safe in your home. The cleaning products we use for mold removal in New Jersey are environmentally safe, allowing us to take care of any mold problem, big or small with no impact on your health or the environment.

Mold Testing & Mold Inspections for NJ Homes & Businesses

Mastertech Environmental mold inspectors are certified to perform mold inspections and mold testing in New Jersey that pinpoints the presence and location of moldand determines its toxicity. What does a NJ mold inspection involve? Your certified mold inspector examines the nooks and crannies of your home, checking in attics, crawlspaces, basements and other areas where mold is commonly found. He will look for mold on building materials, and determine why it is present. Then, he will evaluate potential mold

damage and take note of preventative measures to stop its spread. In addition to a visual inspection, your Mastertech professional mold inspector may collect mold samples to determine if mold spores are elevated in the air or on building surfaces. Your mold inspection will include the use of moisture mapping and thermal imaging to determine if moisture is present in walls, ceilings and other building materials.

Water Damage & Flood Damage Repairs & Restoration for NJ Homes & Businesses.

After any major water-related event like flooding, broken pipes, or sewage overflow, it is essential to act quickly to mitigate the

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Mold Removal Services in New Jersey NJ

Are you looking the other way when you see a moldy substance growing in the dark and damp areas of your home? You shouldnt be if that substance is greenish-black. Its a mold known as Stachybotrys chartarum or Stachybotrys atra. This is more commonly known as black mold and its very toxic and very deadly. Thats why when youre dealing with molds, you need to know all of the facts. And when youre dealing with black mold removal you need to be very aware of this dangerous fungus and know how to stop it dead in its tracks. Immediately!

Black mold symptoms can be severe. A person who has been exposed to black mold may have the following mold health symptoms: difficulty breathing, they may experience headaches, coughing, nausea, memory loss, dizziness, asthma, bronchitis, urinary tract infections, and over time they may even experience infertility.

Black mold is responsible for more than 100 types of lung conditions. But worst of all, Stachybotrys chartarum can cause respiratory bleeding, which is fatal in infants.

And while thats pretty darn scary, many people refuse to believe that they even have this nasty substance in their home. They believe that if they keep their house clean, they will never encounter this dangerous fungus. Unfortunately that just isnt true! Even the cleanest home can create the perfect place for fungus to grow.

For instance, when you live in an area that has a lot of humidity, youre definitely prone to toxic fungi. Since moisture causes molds to become more susceptible to the area, the risk of having black mold in your home is even greater to homes that are in a high humidity area.

However, humidity in the environment isnt the only factor that can create a breeding ground for black mold. Leaky pipes can also become a potential toxic hazard for the fungus. And often, those leaky pipes go unnoticed because the leak is so small. To make matters worse, the fungus isnt always visible since it can attach itself to the insides of the pipes, which makes it virtually impossible for removing the black mold.

Another common breeding ground for black mold is anywhere a flood has occurred. It makes no difference if its a major flood that happened during a rainstorm or a minor flood that occurred when the toilet overflowed, its all breeding ground for fungi. Yet the worse part is it can take several days to dry the area out which gives the dangerous fungi an even better chance to grow.

Some other good indications that you have a problem with fungus growth are stains on the walls or ceilings of the home. These stains are usually yellowish in color, but signs of black, green or brown can indicate a fungi problem.

Another sign that could mean your home has the deadly fungus is, odor. If the smell of mildew or must is present, it could mean that there are molds growing where the odors are lingering. Common areas may include closets and heating and air conditioning units.

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The Official Black Mold Removal Guide

EPA 402-K-02-003, Reprinted September 2010

(PDF, 20 pp, 1.4 M, About PDF)

Una Breve Gua para el Moho, la Humedad y su Hogar (PDF) (11 pp., 1.28 M, disponible en PDF). Documento de la agencia EPA nmero 402-K-03-008, reimprimido el 2010 de mayo.

"Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings" (PDF, 56 pp, 1.6 M) [EPA 402-K-01-001, reprinted September 2008]

Order publications from EPA's NSCEP. Use the EPA Document Number when ordering.

This Guide provides information and guidance for homeowners and renters on how to clean up residential mold problems and how to prevent mold growth.

We would like to thank Paul Ellringer, PE, CIH, for providing the photo of mold on the back of wallpaper in the Hidden Mold section. Should you like to use some of the photos used in this guide, higher quality print versions are available in the Mold Gallery. These photos may be used for presentations and educational purposes without contacting EPA.

Please note that this document presents recommendations. EPA does not regulate mold or mold spores in indoor air. Find Frequently Asked Questions about mold and moisture.

Mold growing outdoors on firewood.

Molds come in many colors; both white and black molds are shown here. Click on the image for larger version.

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A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Home | Mold and Moisture ...

Mr. Septic has been providing sewer and septic service to the Atlanta area for over 40 years. Our experienced sewer and septic technicians can handle any plumbing installation or repair sent their way.

From the beginning, Mr. Septic has been committed to making our customers happy by providing high quality work on such an important part of homes and businesses. When Mr. Septic is on the job, you can expect honest and sincere customer care coupled with excellent work. We value our loyal customers and their referrals throughout our decades of providing sewer and septic service in Atlanta.

Our technicians are experienced in a wide range of sewer and septic installations and repairs. We understand plumbing problems can be confusing and frustrating as a home or business owner. If you have any questions about what services you may need, you can give our friendly Atlanta septic staff a call.

If a repair or installation appears to be needed, we can schedule an appointment over the phone to get your sewer or septic system back in order. Whether you need to schedule an Atlanta septic tank pumping or hydro jetting drain cleaning, Mr. Septic has you covered.

Our sewer and septic services include:

Septic system installations Septic repairs Septic tank pumping Drain field installation Drain field repairs Drain line repairs Hyrdo jetting Commercial septic pumping Sewer line repairs General plumbing services

Have you run into a sewer or septic problem in the middle of the night, on the weekend, or during a holiday? Keep Mr. Septics phone number on hand! We provide Atlanta septic and sewer emergency service 24/7. Dont live with a backed up septic system. Call Mr. Septic next time you run into an unexpected Atlanta plumbing problem.

As part of our commitment to caring for our customers, we work to offer affordable prices for all of our Atlanta septic and sewer installations and repairs. Plus, we provide detailed quotes before every job so you wont find any hidden fees. And with updates from our team throughout the job, no unexpected costs will show up at the end of a project.

If you have a question about your Atlanta septic system or need to schedule an appointment, call Mr. Septic today at 678-804-8830.

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Sewer Septic Service | Septic Tank Pumping | Drain Field Repair

Sewer Works is in the business of providing excellent Massachusetts Title 5 septic system services since 1978. These services include septic tank cleaning and pumping, septic system repair, leachfield installations, Title 5 inspections (including Innovative Septic System Alternatives like MicroFAST, Singulaire, Jet, Presby, Bio-Clere)and more.

During that time we have incorporated may new technologies and products into the services we provide. Sewer Works is always searching for new tools and products to help protect the environment. We are Title 5, wastewater and alternative system experts where our knowledge and experience coupled with our highest integrity greatly benefits our customers. All residential, commercial and industrial sewer, septic system and Title 5 septic system services are located at one location. Please review our services page!

Below is a list of some of the towns we service: Acton , Boxborough, Bolton , Concord , Carlisle , Littleton , Westford, Groton , Harvard, Ayer, Shirley, Tyngsboro, Dunstable, Chelmsford, Andover, North Andover, North Reading, Pepperell, Lincoln, Sudbury .

Your town not listed? Give a call! We service anywhere!!

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Mold Testing: Significant mold growth may require mold remediation and removal of affected building materials; this is where we come in...more Water Damage: Clean and restore water damage...more Clean Up / Restoration: Offering restoration services...more Septic Maintenance: We are a full service septic system contractor offering preventative maintenance, tank installation, drain field repair and installation, repair of septic tank systems and septic tank pumping. We also provide a septic tank inspection letter after pumping...more Water Heater: We repair and replace gas, electric and propane water heaters, including code updates and safety upgrades required by home inspectors and local code...more Back Flow Testing: Back flow and many other kinds of tests...more Sewer Line: Over time and depending on the quality of installation, sewer lines can develop a host of problems to include but not limited to broken, cracked, ofset, off grade or collapsed pipes due to shifting soil, frozen ground, settling, and sometimes poor installation...more Water Line: Here at Affordable Plumbing and Septic, we suggest replacement of this pipe system rather than repair; however, we also realize that not everyone is able to replace a broken water line immediately...more Foundation Sealing: we cover foundation sealing and many other ervices...more Flood Damages: Restoration of damaes (water, flood, mold, and fire)...more Plumbing & Drain Cleaning: Your pipes may suffer from blockage due to grease buildup or a foreign object that is restricting or prohibiting proper flow. Pipes can also dislodge, crack and cause root infiltration...more

And Many More Services Offered!!!Discounts areAvailable!!!

We Can Fulfill All Your Plumbing & Septic Needs

We do all aspects of plumbing: installation, renovation and repair to include but not limited to: kitchen sinks, toilets, water heaters, shower fixtures, pressure regulators, sewage pumps, sewer service lines, water service lines. We are certified, licensed, and authorized to cut the public street and install your sewer tap if needed. We will also transfer your sewage system from Septic (on site sewage management system) to your local municipal at your request. Polybutylene pipe replacement or repair, gas lines, garbage disposals, dishwashers, bathtubs, handicap fixtures, ADA fixtures, approved disabled fixtures, Jacuzzi, fancy fixtures and specially designed plumbing parts.

Over time and depending on the quality of installation, sewer lines can develop a host of problems to include but not limited to: Broken, cracked, offset, off grade or collapsed pipe due to shifting soil, frozen ground, settling and sometimes poor installation. We can accurately pinpoint and fix these problems. This also contributes to leaking joints which allows water to escape into the area surrounding the pipe. It is estimated that at least 10% of all sewage water seeps back into the soil before reaching the local purification plants.

Your pipes may suffer from blockage due to grease buildup or a foreign object that is restricting or prohibiting proper flow. Pipes can also dislodge, crack and cause root infiltration. This is where tree or shrub roots have invaded the sewer line system and have damaged the line. This type of invasion by roots can and will contribute to bowed or bellied piping which will hold water and cause sewage to collect in one spot and clog the entire line.

We have all the necessary equipment to clear clogged drains as well as perform video camera inspection of sewer pipes. We have the technology to locate and outline the exact path and depth of your sewer system. We also offer service in water leak detection and water line locating. We detect and repair gas line leaks. We do low flow housing certification for compliance with new low flow fixtures for water conservation and consumption. We also provide a full written report of septic tank inspection letters. We also provide a full sewer line diagnostics and recommendation of installation procedures or repairs. YOU NAME IT WE DO IT.

We specialize in sewer line video camera inspection. This process eliminates the guess work in giving estimates to fix or replace any sewer line system. This process also gives the customer a piece of mind because they can see and better understand what the plumber is talking about. In many instances, after the customer views the live video they better understand what the best avenue of approach should be.

There is absolutely no substitute for a video camera inspection of a sewer line system. We caution anyone who is purchasing a home be it new or previously owned, to get a video camera inspection of the system. This process also works for homes on a septic tank system as well. This small investment saves thousands of dollars and headaches later on.

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Affordable Plumbing and Septic Services | Atlanta

We are a Licensed Septic Contractor in Westchester and Putnam Counties

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Experience is the key to gettingthe job done right the first time. Dom Santucci, the septic specialist, can solve all of your septic problems and needs quickly and efficiently. We have seen and solved it all!

Septic system installation and repair is not a job for the do-it-yourselfer, and today can only be done by licensed septic contractors in Westchester and Putnam counties. We are fully licensed to repair and install septic systems in Westchester and Putnam counties.

Fornew septic installations or extensive work to existing septic systems,we will work with your engineer or ours to get the job done and get your approvals.We are proud to say our Septic Repair and Installation Servicesare one of the best you can find.

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