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Scientists led by Salk Institute researchers say they have introduced stable changes into human stem cells that control how their genes are activated or suppressed.

This first-time accomplishment in the field known as epigenetics or epigenomics will help research into diseases caused by improper activation or silencing of genes, the scientists say in a study published Thursday in Science.

Stem cell researcher Juan Carlos Izpisa Belmonte was the senior author. Yuta Takahashi, also of the Salk Institute, was the first author. The study can be found at: j.mp/cpgstem.

Epigenetics concerns chemical additions or subtractions to DNA that dont change the underlying genetic sequence. It has been called the second genetic code, because of its profound effect on how genes function.

This is a major way of having homeostasis and control and interaction with the environment, Izpisa Belmonte said. I would say its as important as the genome.

Malfunctions in the epigenetic code have been linked to cancer, Angelman syndrome and a related condition called Prader-Willi syndrome, among other diseases. In the study, epigenetic changes associated with colon cancer were reproduced, as was an epigenetic defect that causes one form of Angelman syndrome. (The syndrome is also caused by a genetic mutation or deletion).

The new study extends the Izpisa Belmonte labs recent development of a new technology to modify genes in non-dividing cells, which make up many of the cells in the human body. By introducing changes in pluripotent stem cells, researchers can also alter the epigenetic profile expressed in them and the adult cells derived from them.

Research is now in progress to test epigenetic modifications on whole animals, Izpisa Belmonte said.

Studying epigenetic alterations has been difficult because unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes cant be stably introduced into cells.

The Salk Institute-led study demonstrated how to do this, creating stem cells that reliably pass along their modified epigenomes to descendant cells, and to mature cells produced from them.

They used a widely occurring epigenetic process called methylation, which involves adding or subtracting a methyl group. Adding a methyl group suppresses the gene.

This technology lays the underpinnings for more complete studies of how epigenetics factors into diseases, and how to treat them, Izpisa Belmonte said.

Complicated, but cool

Stem cell researcher Jeanne Loring described the studys technology as very complicated, but cool.

While we know the whole DNA sequence, we dont know very much at all about how the activity of the genome is regulated - what genes are active where, and when, Loring wrote in an email.

One of the most mysterious of these regulators is DNA methylation. A lot of the genome is kept silent by a chemical modification that puts a methyl group on one of the four bases, cytosine - and we have almost no idea about how this happens.

Belmontes group has found a way to modify what parts of the genome are methylated. This is important because some diseases, including some cancers, are clearly caused by abnormal methylation of DNA. This technology will be a great tool for figuring out how genes are regulated, which will give us an opening to understanding and treating human diseases, Loring wrote.

Producing the stable changes required inventing a method to induce methylation into important areas of DNA called CpG islands that normally resist methylation. The scientists introduced CpG-free DNA into these islands, causing the entire CpG sequence to become methylated.

The methylation persisted even after the introduced DNA was removed. And the change was stably transmitted to daughter pluripotent cells, and to adult cells produced from them.

Catching up

First author Yuta Takahashi said his team performed the research to help epigenomic research catch up to genomic research.

Previously, people have tried to modify the epigenome by adding methylation, but that is not stable, Takahashi said. Theyre not stable after differentiation of the stem cells, theyre not stable even after passaging for a few times.

In our case the modifications are quite stable. We show that even after 30 passages in culture, these marks are still there. And in the disease called Angelman syndrome, the modifications are stable after differentiating into neurons.

Also important is that the modifications were produced across a wide expanse of the CpG islands, Izpisa Belmonte said. Thats because epigenetic diseases can affect broad stretches of these islands.

Some existing drugs affect epigenetic markers, but they lack precision, Takahashi said. Drugs developed with the methylation technology employed in this study would presumably be free of side effects.

Further down the road, the ability to precisely change epigenetic markers could be useful in studying embryonic development, said Jun Wu, another co-author at the Salk Institute.

While the genome of an organism is determined when egg and sperm to form a zygote, certain genes inherited from the mother are inactivated, as well as certain genes from the father. Aberrations in this process, called imprinting can produce diseases such as Angelman and Prader-Willi syndrome, which affect genes carried on the same stretch of DNA.

Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by inactivated paternal genetic activity, or the presence of two copies of the maternal genes. In Angelman syndrome, the paternal genes are inactivated, or there are two maternal genes. A partial imprinting defect has been linked to an exceptionally mild case of Angelman syndrome.

In addition, epigenetic patterns change with development and in the aging process, Wu said.

Building live animals models with altered methylation patterns can shed light on how these processes go awry in human diseases, he said.

Other authors included Keiichiro Suzuki, Paloma Martinez Redondo, Mo Li, Hsin-Kai Liao, Min-Zu Wu, Reyna Hernndez-Bentez, Tomoaki Hishida, Maxim Nikolaievich Shokhirev, Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban and Ignacio Sancho-Martinez of the Salk Institute.

The work was funded by the NIH-National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Chapman Foundation, and The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, UCAM and the G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation.

bradley.fikes@sduniontribune.com

(619) 293-1020

UPDATES:

12:10 p.m.: This article was updated with additional details.

It was originally published at 11 a.m.

Link:
'Second genetic code' edited in stem cells to study disease-causing ... - The San Diego Union-Tribune

LEXINGTON, Ky. The outlook for Kentucky basketball next season just improved dramatically, as the Wildcats landed a surprise commitment Saturday from 5-star small forward Kevin Knox. Virtually no one expected him to pick UK over fellow finalists Duke, North Carolina and Florida State.

Im shocked, said Evan Daniels, Scout.coms director of recruiting. I feel like I usually have a pretty good feel even if I dont know exactly where theyre going, I can usually narrow it down to a school or two. But he left a lot of people guessing, and I didnt see this coming. I didnt think Kentucky was in the top 2even.

But the 6-foot-8 McDonalds All-American, a consensus top-10 overall prospect nationally, delivered the stunner via Twitter, then explained his decision in an as-told-to story in RMF Magazine with writer Jesse Nadelman. Knox laid out how he wouldve loved to play for Leonard Hamilton at Florida State where his father was a wide receiver in the 1990s or to add to the rich tradition that Duke University holds on and off the court.

RELATED: UK signees BBN cookies for Knox worked!

He wrote that it wouldve been a thrill to play for Roy Williams and chase back-to-back national championships at North Carolina or even attend Missouri, despite three straight losing seasons, because No. 1 overall recruit Michael Porter is heading there next season.

But ultimately, Knox chose Kentucky and the goal of bringing a national championship to the city of Lexington, he said, ending on: See you soon, Big Blue Nation. Score another one for master recruiter John Calipari and his ace assistant, Kenny Payne.

A lot of credit to those guys, Daniels said, because this is one of the more surprising commitments of 2017. When Kenny gets his claws in and builds a relationship with a kid and his family, hes tough to beat.

RELATED: 5-star Bamba could be a monster, final piece for UK

The Wildcats already had the nations No. 1-ranked class for 2017 before Knoxs decision and now have eight top-100 prospects, six 5-stars and five McDonalds All-Americans although the status of Hamidou Diallo, who enrolled in January but sat out the second half of the season, is up in the air.

Diallo declared for the2017 NBA Draft but didnt hire an agent; he will participate in the NBA combine next week before deciding whether to return to UK. Regardless of that decision, preseason hype for the Wildcats will be enormous again, especially if 5-star big man Mohamed Bamba finishes off this recruiting class with an exclamation point.

If they get Bamba, too, and Diallo comes back, youre looking at a preseason top-3 team a team that can win it all, said Daniels, who explained what Kentucky is getting in Knox: a versatile forward, a guy who can play the three or the four. He sees himself as a straight wing, but he can play inside for them as well. Hes really versatile, really athletic, has really improved his outside shooting and can guard multiple positions. He is one of thereally elite players in the Class of 2017.

RELATED:No. 1 recruit for 2018, Marvin Bagley, impressed by Kentucky

And Kentucky is still considered the favorite to land Bamba, a 7-foot McDonalds All-American ranked as high as No. 2 overall in the class. Duke and Texas are the other contenders for Bamba.

In Scout.coms rankings, the Cats already have No. 9 Knox, No. 10 Diallo, No. 11 Jarred Vanderbilt, No. 14 P.J. Washington, No. 16 Nick Richards, No. 22 Quade Green, No. 39 Shai Gilgeous-Alexander and No. 85 Jemarl Baker. UK figures to be loaded with forwards next season, as sophomores Wenyen Gabriel (6-foot-9), Sacha Killeya-Jones (6-10) and Tai Wynyard (6-10) are back, plus the additions of 6-7 Vanderbilt, 6-8 Washington and 6-8 Knox.

The reason Im so surprised by Knoxs decision is they already had guys in Vanderbilt and Washington that are similar in position, Daniels said. I just didnt see those three dudes all going to the same place. I guess I shouldve learned my lesson after Eric Bledsoe and John Wall both went to Kentucky.

Thestunner Saturday was a reminder about recruiting: Never count out Calipari and the Cats.

Originally posted here:
5-star SF Kevin Knox's commitment to Kentucky a stunner - SECcountry.com

REHOBOTH Voters at Mondays town meeting will be asked to approve a $26 million budget for the next fiscal year.

That figure represents a 4.89 percent increase over the current budget of $24.8 million.

The bulk of that amount $16.4 million, is designated for the Dighton-Rehoboth Regional School budget. The figure is a 2.1 percent increase over the current fiscal year.

A total of $9 million has been designated for town government expenses a 10.34 percent increase over the current fiscal year.

The meeting will begin at 7 p.m. at the high school at 2700 Regional Road, North Dighton.

Voters will also be asked to approve $3.5 million for the costs of paying for window and roof replacement at the Palmer River School and window replacement at the Beckwith School. If the article is approved, there will be a vote on a temporary tax increase to pay for the project at a special town election.

Another article calls for the appropriation of $87,000 for installation of door security systems at Palmer River School, Beckwith Middle School and Dighton-Rehoboth Regional High School.

There are also a number of proposed zoning bylaw changes, including a temporary moratorium on the sale and distribution of recreational marijuana.

A copy of the budget and town meeting agenda can be found on the town website at http://www.town.rehoboth.ma.us.

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Rehoboth budget going before town meeting - The Sun Chronicle

Visitors of all ages were fascinated by the sights, sounds and speeds of the trains displayed at the Painesville Railroad Museum on May 6.

Model Train Days is an annual two-day event that features about 10 layouts from various train clubs including Lake Erie N-Scale Society of Lake and Geauga counties and Crooked River N Geneers in Cuyahoga County.

Painesville Railroad Museum Vice-President Tom Pescha also showcased one of his own train layouts.

Pescha said Model Train Days is an opportunity for people to get an idea of how to build train layouts, talk to train experts and learn about the Painesville Railroad Museum.

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The Painesville Railroad Museum building, located at 475 Railroad Street, dates back to the late 1800s; and in 1997 the Western Reserve Railroad Association was formed to help save the historic landmark.

The museum recently underwent numerous renovations. The goal was to restore the building to preserve the past.

The restorations included adding two new ADA restrooms, receiving a new IT Station, drywalling, window replacement and adding new chandlers and ceiling fans in the main lobby.

Pescha said he is pleased with the event turnout and the community response to the recent building repairs.

Painesville resident Steve Brothag brought his 10-year-old grandson Hayden Thompson, who was visiting from Salem, Ohio, to the event.

Hayden said it was fun.

Kay Sheridan of Mentor also brought out-of-town guests to the show.

Sheridan said her grandchildren traveled seven hours from Fairfax, Virginia to visit.

One of her grandsons, 13-year-old Jack Sheridan, said the event reminded him of the train that his family used to put around the tree at Christmas time.

The event will continue from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on May 7.

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Model Train Day brings visitors of all ages to Painesville Railroad Museum - News-Herald.com

A Mississippi-based contractor was arrested Friday after telling a deputy he accepted money from a man in Baton Rouge, but spent it elsewhere without completing the work.

Justin Walter Etheridge, 42 of McComb, Mississippi, was accused of accepting $2,800 for window replacement and kitchen cabinet work at a man's home. The victim said not only had the work not been done, but while attempting to rebuild kitchen cabinets, Etheridge had removed the cabinet doors and never returned them.

The man said when he confronted Etheridge about the incomplete work, the contractor told him he had spent the money on things unrelated to the job. An East Baton Rouge Sheriff's deputy questioned Etheridge about the work, and he admitted to spending the money elsewhere, according to a Sheriff's Office report.

Etheridge was scheduled for a meeting April 24at the Sheriff's Office headquarters to go over documentation on where the money was spent, but he did not show up, deputies said.

Etheridge was arrested and booked on counts of misapplication of payments and theft of assets from an aged person. His bail was set at $15,000.

Read more:
Contractor admitted taking money from elderly man for Baton Rouge job, spending it elsewhere, EBRSO says - The Advocate

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Design Depot is a family owned and operated business. The showroom is located in Englewood, New Jersey and offers a wide variety of products and services. You can find everything you need for your home design or construction projects such as kitchen cabinets, countertops, endless bathroom fixtures, wood flooring, marble, granite, and porcelain tiles and so much more.

Design Depot also has a team of top designers on staff that are here to help you get through your project from concept to completion. We invite you to take a tour of our site to learn more about the products and services that we have to offer.

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Englewood - Design Depot | Kitchen Remodeling | New Jersey

Remodeling or completely renovating a kitchen can be a big task, but it also has the best return on investment of any home improvement.

But these improvements don't come cheap. A 2013 U.S. Census Bureau report noted the cost of an average kitchen remodel was $5,000, with the price tag for complete renovation at $27,353.

Given these costs, remodeling experts say there are ways to save in order to have money to splurge on key items.

Begin with a detailed floor plan, said Ariel Darmoni, managing partner at 123 Remodeling, a general contractor firm which was featured in Houzz and on HGTV.

"It's going to be so much more if you don't have a floor plan that works for you because making changes later costs more. You can also save money if you don't have to move plumbing and electric, even if you're taking down walls," he said.

Don't skimp on important life-safety improvements like mold remediation and ventilation, said Beverley Kruskol, owner of M.Y. Pacific Building, a general contractor who has worked with high-end renovations, including for Mario Batali's restaurants in Los Angeles.

Tile, flooring and lighting can be both economical and beautiful, Kruskol said.

"Tile is a great place to save money. There are thousands of styles, and they're so amazing," she said.

Porcelain and ceramic tiles can be used on both floor and in kitchen backsplashes, said Suzanne Falk of Suzanne Falk Interior Design, a ghost designer on HGTV's "Kitchen Crashers."

Tile is cheaper than hardwood flooring, and Darmoni prefers tile floors in kitchens because wood floors can be easily damaged by water leaks from dishwashers.

Big-box retailers sell attractive tiles for a fraction of the cost versus what's sold at designer showrooms, Falk said. For people who have their heart set on high-end tile, she recommended highlighting it in a specific area, like in a backsplash around the range, and then framing it with subway tiles, which Falk said are her "go-to" tiles.

Distinctive, affordable lighting options are available at retail stores versus paying up at a showroom, they said.

"Compared to what was available four or five years ago, you can get beautiful lamps at a fraction of the cost," Kruskol said.

Choose a nicer faucet over a sink, Darmoni said, but look at the faucet construction. Better-made faucets have durable metal cartridges inside, which are the valves that turn on the water and mix temperatures.

High-end appliances might be a worthy splurge; however, Kruskol said homeowners should think about how they use them and how long they'll be in the home.

"If you're in a condo, I don't think you need to spend the money to get a Wolf range, but it depends on your lifestyle," she said.

Homeowners who aren't doing a gut rehab and really are scrimping can get new doors and hardware for their existing cabinets, Kruskol said, which can quickly update the look. Even refinishing existing doors can refresh a tired kitchen.

The two areas worth a splurge are cabinets and countertops, they said. Consider stepping up to semi-custom cabinets from a local cabinet supplier and avoiding the big-box retailer.

Working with a local cabinet supplier to design creative storage can help eliminate a lot of the wasted space in kitchens, Kruskol said. Upgrades like pull-out shelves and Lazy Susans are useful, but Falk warned about getting carried away with other costly upgrades like appliance garages and built-in spice drawers. These can look nice but may not be practical, she added.

Another benefit to using semi-custom cabinets is they can be designed to fit a home's inevitable imperfections in a way prefabricated cabinets can't, said Darmoni and Falk.

All three said consider upgrading to natural stone countertops versus manufactured styles. Not only do they look beautiful, but they will last for years. Granite has always been popular, but high-end materials like quartz and quartzite are becoming affordable.

The one stone they don't recommend for kitchens is marble.

"It's porous and stains easily. For instance, if you put a coffee cup on it, it gets a ring that doesn't go away," Kruskol said.

Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

Read the original post:
Where to save, where to splurge in kitchen remodel - Sioux City Journal

By Craig Young

Reporter-Herald Staff Writer

Employees at Longs Peak Cabinetworks in Loveland use electronic tablets such as this one attached to a machine and the label printer to keep track of every piece of every job. (Jenny Sparks / Loveland Reporter-Herald)

The latest boom in homebuilding and remodeling has encouraged a Loveland craftsman to go back into business for himself.

A year ago, Brad Moffet launched Longs Peak Cabinetworks, and the custom cabinet shop has been growing faster than he expected.

Moffet has worked as a contractor and for local cabinet-making companies, he said. He also had his own shop at one point, where he handled all aspects of the business, from sales and marketing to cabinetmaking.

But the recession forced him to give it up and go back to work for other shops.

Now that the housing market has rebounded, he's back in business.

"This time I structured it a little differently," he said. His four boys are older now, and two of them work for him.

Oldest son Brogan is Longs Peak's sales manager, and Austin works in the shop.

"Bringing Brogan into sales was a smart decision," he said. "That allows me to focus on production and manufacturing. I truly am a woodworker at heart."

Four months after starting Longs Peak, Brad had to hire workers from outside the family. Eight months after opening at 406 S. Lincoln Ave., he leased a larger space at 559 N. Denver Ave.

Now his crew builds the boxes and doors in the new location and assembles them in the old shop.

Competing with the big shops

As a small operation, Brad can't mass-produce cabinets the way a larger business can, so he said he focuses on quality, custom touches and personal attention to the customer.

But to help him compete, he has invested in some computer-controlled equipment that he said isn't common in smaller shops. He buys it used, he said, preferring to invest in his employees rather than racking up debt that would hurt his business when an inevitable slowdown comes.

As an example of his attention to detail, he said a European-style cabinet has holes drilled every 32 millimeters inside, to hold brackets for shelf supports, hinges and other hardware. Some of those holes never will be used, he said, so for a cleaner look, he programs his drill-router machine to make only the necessary holes.

This photo shows the kitchen of Loveland residents Jacob and Amanda Phillips after remodeling. Longs Peak Cabinetworks of Loveland built the cabinets of select alder. (Special to the Reporter-Herald)

Longs Peak Cabinetworks uses mostly traditional materials such as oak, alder, cherry, walnut and melamine paneling for its cabinets and closet-organizer systems. But thanks to a connection with a designer in Bozeman, Mont., it has hit on a new trend: recycled snow fences.

"Right out of the field"

"In Wyoming, there's a company that rips down old, weathered snow fence," Brogan said. "They take all the nails and stuff out, and we turn it into cabinets."

The wood comes in 16-foot-long planks that are 6 inches wide and three-fourths of an inch thick. Fresh from diverting windblown snow from the highways, the weathered wood sometimes still has hair from cows or pronghorn antelopes on it, and one time an embedded bullet, Brad said.

"The outside is still rough," Brogan said. "It looks like it's right out of the field."

Owners of rustic mountain homes love the look, Brad said, and his company has been experimenting with welded steel door frames for an "antique industrial feel."

From his experience in other shops, Brad said he knows how paperwork can get lost during the process of selling, manufacturing and installing cabinets, so he has created a paperless operation.

His newer computer-controlled machines have tablets attached, and a program keeps track of every piece of every order so that a job can be immediately updated if a measurement changes. Workers also affix a label to each piece of wood, to keep everything organized.

This picture shows the kitchen of Loveland residents Jacob and Amanda Phillips before it was remodeled last year. Little Paxton Phillips, 2 at the time, is at lower right. (Special to the Reporter-Herald)

"When we sit down in the morning, everybody grabs a tablet from somewhere, and we review what we're doing, and then we get to work," he said.

Collaboration with the customer

A Loveland customer who was planning a kitchen remodel last year heard about Longs Peak Cabinetworks from his contractor, and he said he's happy he hired the Moffets.

Jacob Phillips said he and his wife, Amanda, had a vision for their new kitchen, and Brogan had his own ideas, and they worked together on the eventual design.

"That's kind of what sold us on using them is that they were real helpful with the whole design process," Phillips said.

The couple looked at cabinets in a wide range of quality and prices before settling on Longs Peak, he said. "They were a good compromise quality cabinets at a good cost."

Using a cabinet shop just a mile from their home was a plus, too, Phillips said.

"The owner of the company was in my kitchen, working on the cabinets," he said.

Craig Young: 970-635-3634, cyoung@reporter-herald.com, http://www.twitter.com/CraigYoungRH.

View original post here:
Cabinetmaker Brad Moffet finds success with family shop - Loveland Reporter-Herald

Window Film Offers Energy Eefficiency for Historic Homes EP Magazine (blog) When it comes to making homes more energy efficient and environmentally friendly, there are options available that do not require replacing windows. Updating with professionally installed window film is more cost effective and can attain energy ... and more »

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Window Film Offers Energy Eefficiency for Historic Homes - EP Magazine (blog)

Because the heating and cooling system in your home uses nearly two-thirds of the total energy consumed, it is important that you make smart choices towards improving its overall efficiency and performance. Having sound knowledge of how the HVAC system works is essential when you want to install one or upgrade and when it comes to repairing or maintaining your system.

The fact is that you want an incident-free heating and cooling season. After all, it becomes uncomfortable and incredibly inconvenient when your HVAC equipment breaks down in the middle of frigid winter night or on a scorching summer afternoon when you need it most. The odds for such happenings are greatly reduced when you schedule annual inspections.

Some of the key benefits include:

Fewer Repairs

Perhaps you have noted a strange odor or are hearing a strange sound from your HVAC unit. Calling in a technician right away could greatly help in arresting problems before they turn disastrous. Even the cost will be modest and the problem easy to handle. In general, the two areas that need common repairs are the piping and electrical components. Before you rush to replace your entire heating and cooling system, remember that sometimes repairing can be more cost-effective.Because the heating and cooling system in your home uses nearly two-thirds of the total energy consumed, it is important that you make smart choices towards improving its overall efficiency and performance. Having sound knowledge of how the HVAC system works is essential when you want to install one or upgrade and when it comes to repairing or maintaining your system.

The fact is that you want an incident-free heating and cooling season. After all, it becomes uncomfortable and incredibly inconvenient when your HVAC equipment breaks down in the middle of frigid winter night or on a scorching summer afternoon when you need it most. The odds for such happenings are greatly reduced when you schedule annual inspections.

Some of the key benefits include:

Extended Equipment Life Span

An experienced HVAC company will first thoroughly consider all your heating and cooling requirements even before recommending or installing a system for you. This helps in avoiding system overworking or clogging. And that ensures you dont spend more on part replacements. The trick lies in spending smarter on annual and preventive maintenance that extend your HVAC equipments shelf life.

Improved Air Quality

The quality of indoor air can easily be affected by dirty blower parts and coils within your HVAC unit. This obviously comes with potential health-related concerns like fungi, pollen, and buildup of bacteria. A buildup over time can cause ENT complications, trigger asthma attacks, and other flu-like illnesses. Cleaning these components regularly significantly reduces the levels of contamination in your airstream for a healthier living environment.

Safer Equipment Operation

A HVAC system that is failing may end up costing you much more than the money spent on repairs; it can also endanger you and household members. According to the experts from Diamond Appliance, In case the heat exchanger in the furnace develops a crack, it could release carbon monoxide gas and poison the air being breathed. This is why you should make it a point of engaging a good repair company to perform regular safety checks at least quarterly so that you can know when your system is performing poorly or needs replacement.

Lower Energy Bills

It is very easy for you to assume that simply because the HVAC equipment is cooling or heating your home without any obvious problem that all is well. However, lately, have you keenly looked at your energy bills? A system that has been neglected gradually loses its efficiency in terms of keeping your home cool or heated as did once. Just as a regular car tune-up helps in getting better gas mileage and engine efficiency, your HVAC system will consume less fuel when it receives professional regular maintenance.

The goal of preventative annual maintenance is to have your system running all season long without any nasty surprises. It is proven that keeping your HVAC system running effectivelycould save as much as 20% on your cooling and heating costs. It is a fact that HVAC contractors tend to generally get very busy once winter and summer sets in. It is, therefore, most advisable to have your cooling system checked during the spring season and over the fall, get the heating system checked.

Read more from the original source:
HVAC Annual Maintenance & Repairs What Are The Benefits? - TechVorm (blog)