A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away. It is designed so that to resist the material pressure of the material that it is holding back.
An earth retaining structure can be considered to have the following types:
It is that type of retaining wall that relies on their huge weight to retain the material behind it and achieve stability against failures. Gravity Retaining Wall can be constructed from concrete, stone or even brick masonry. Gravity retaining walls are much thicker in section. Geometry of these walls also help them to maintain the stability. Mass concrete walls are suitable for retained heights of up to 3 m. The cross section shape of the wall is affected by stability, the use of space in front of the wall, the required wall appearance and the method of construction.
Reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry walls on spread foundations are gravity structures in which the stability against overturning is provided by the weight of the wall and reinforcement bars in the wall. The following are the main types of wall:
A cantilever retaining wall is one that consists of a wall which is connected to foundation. A cantilever wall holds back a significant amount of soil, so it must be well engineered. They are the most common type used as retaining walls. Cantilever wall rest on a slab foundation. This slab foundation is also loaded by back-fill and thus the weight of the back-fill and surcharge also stabilizes the wall against overturning and sliding.
Counterfort walls are cantilever walls strengthened with counter forts monolithic with the back of the wall slab and base slab. The counter-forts act as tension stiffeners and connect the wall slab and the base to reduce the bending and shearing stresses. To reduce the bending moments in vertical walls of great height, counterforts are used, spaced at distances from each other equal to or slightly larger than one-half of the height Counter forts are used for high walls with heights greater than 8 to 12 m.
Mechanically stabilized earth walls are those structures which are made using steel or GeoTextiles soil reinforcements which are placed in layers within a controlled granular fill. Reinforced soils can also be used as retaining walls, if they are built as:
This category covers walls which use soil, reinforced with reinforcing bars, to provide a stable earth retaining system and includes reinforced soil and soil nailing.
Constructing a soil nailed wall involves reinforcing the soil as work progresses in the area being excavated by the introduction of bars which essentially work in tension, called Passive Bars. These are usually parallel to one another and slightly inclined downward. These bars can also work partially in bending and in shear. The skin friction between the soil and the nails puts the nails in tension.
The type of retaining walls that use both factors that is their mass and reinforcement for stability are called Hybrid or Composite retaining wall systems.
Any wall which uses facing units tied to rods or strips which have their ends anchored into the ground is an anchored earth wall. The anchors are like abutments. The cables used for tieing are commonly high strength, prestressed steel tendons. To aid anchorage, the ends of the strips are formed into a shape designed to bind the strip at the point into the soil.
Gabions are cages, cylinders, or boxes filled with earth or sand that are used in civil engineering, road-building, and military application and many others. OR Gabion elements fitted to geogrid 'tails' extending into supported soil. For erosion control caged rip-rap are used. For dams or foundation building, metal structures are used.
Steel sheet pile walls are constructed by driving steel sheets into a slope or excavation upto the required depth. Their most common use is within temporary deep excavations. They are considered to be most economical where retention of higher earth pressures of soft soils is required. It cannot resist very high pressure.
Link:
Retaining Wall - Definition and Types of Retaining Walls ...
- Boulder police rescue driver, 4-year-old from vehicle hanging on retaining wall - Boulder Daily Camera - January 22nd, 2024 [January 22nd, 2024]
- Watch Colo. Police Save 4-Year-Old from Car Hanging over Retaining Wall - Officer - January 22nd, 2024 [January 22nd, 2024]
- Boulder Police, Firefighters Rescue Toddler from Crashed Vehicle Hanging on Wall - POLICE - January 22nd, 2024 [January 22nd, 2024]
- Theyre heroes: Police rescue child from SUV after crash leaves vehicle dangling over wall - WMBF - January 22nd, 2024 [January 22nd, 2024]
- Cops Rescue Mon And Child From Lexus Hanging Over Retaining Wall - CarScoops - January 22nd, 2024 [January 22nd, 2024]
- First responders pull 4-year-old from crashed SUV, hanging from retaining wall - msnNOW - January 22nd, 2024 [January 22nd, 2024]
- Construction of flyover at Melamadai junction is in full swing - The Hindu - January 5th, 2024 [January 5th, 2024]
- Retaining wall collapses in Yorkshire Dales prompting fears of road closure - Richmondshire Today - January 5th, 2024 [January 5th, 2024]
- Repair retaining wall - The Tribune India - December 28th, 2023 [December 28th, 2023]
- MTA bus driver, 3 passengers injured after backing into retaining wall in Westlake area - CBS Los Angeles - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- 4 injured when MTA bus backs into retaining wall - KABC-TV - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- 4 injured when MTA bus backs into retaining wall - AOL - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- Driver more than 3.5x legal alcohol limit hits house and retaining wall, police say - 14 News WFIE Evansville - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- Canyon wall falls in Utah national park famous for iconic hoodoos. What caused it? - Sacramento Bee - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- Innovative Types of Retaining Walls for Sloped Properties - The Philippine Times - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- Construction collapse in Barren County - Bowling Green - WBKO - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- Courtenay concerned about retaining wall along river - Times Colonist - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- Potential Risk of Failure of Anderton Avenue Retaining Wall - City of Courtenay - December 20th, 2023 [December 20th, 2023]
- 110-year-old retaining wall near Ottawa Rowing Club to be demolished, replaced - Yahoo News Canada - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- CCAT begins reconstruction project - The LumberJack - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Trial ordered for SUV driver accused of striking, killing toddler in ... - The San Diego Union-Tribune - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Archaeological Site inside Monastiraki Metro Station Athens, Greece - Atlas Obscura - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Marc Cavagnero Associates have completed the renovation and ... - Global Design News - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- A Renovated Eichler Proves a Vibrant, Livable Showcase for ... - Nob Hill Gazette - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Part of Illinois 106 closing seven months for construction - Jacksonville Journal-Courier - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- New preservation fund set up to protect iconic Red Church and ... - Union Democrat - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- TSR Nitro Teams Ready For Circle K NHRA Four-Wide Nationals - Mopar Insiders - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Contract to address failing Claremont access walls expected to be ... - Hamilton Spectator - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Work around the State Capitol will close part of Monroe Street Monday - The State Journal-Register - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Man dies after his box truck was dragged under tractor trailer, South Carolina officials say - CDLLife - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Lack of SH25A reopening work concerning - MP - The Bay's News ... - SunLive - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Brewster Town Meeting: School overrides, plastic ban, Wing Island - Cape Cod Times - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- New tech being used for slope stabilisation of few portions of NH - The Arunachal Times - April 29th, 2023 [April 29th, 2023]
- Retaining Walls: How to Build Them, Costs & Types - This Old House - April 13th, 2023 [April 13th, 2023]
- Stranded By Storms, Neighbor Keeps Mountain Community Connected With Outside World Thanks to Zipline - NBC Bay Area - April 13th, 2023 [April 13th, 2023]
- How much does a concrete retaining wall cost? - HomeGuide - January 7th, 2023 [January 7th, 2023]
- 40 Retaining Wall Ideas That Will Elevate Your Landscaping - October 24th, 2022 [October 24th, 2022]
- Retaining Wall: Types, Purpose, Advantages & Disadvantages - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- 51 Really Cool Retaining Wall Ideas - Sebring Design Build ... - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Keeping Hanging Lake Trail useable has been a difficult task - The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Last Hatfield homeplace being developed into museum, gift shop - Huntington Herald Dispatch - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Roadway Activity Report for parts of East and Middle Tennessee (December 23 - 29, 2021) - tn.gov - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Man Gets Probation For Punching Trooper Who Responded To Drunken Driving Crash - CBS Minnesota - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- 3 Bedroom Home in Ocean City - $1,099,900 - Press of Atlantic City - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- BRAGSA helping to rebuild collapsed wall at Belmont - Searchlight Newspaper - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Pittsburg Police Say Driver Expected to Survive After Major Injury Crash on E Leland Road - EastCountyToday - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Spring Branch homes total Texas Hill Country xeriscape landscape renovation created many outdoor entertainment areas - San Antonio Express-News - December 28th, 2021 [December 28th, 2021]
- Middle Beach retaining wall project is underway - Portland Press Herald - pressherald.com - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Contract approved for construction of retaining wall along Gordon Town Road - Jamaica Observer - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- SLED report reveals new details about deputy-involved shooting that injured teen, led to K9s death - WSPA 7News - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Floral Park Board of Trustees reports Feb. 2 - The Island Now - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- West Tennessee Weekly Construction February 3-10, 2021 - tn.gov - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- SLED investigative report reveals new details about deputy-involved shooting that injured teen and led to K9s death - WSPA 7News - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Replacing the Columbus Statue: Deliver Black Dreams' Call to Action - Columbus Monthly - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Burien Council hears of Seahurst landslide and of flooding problems due to rainy winter - The B-Town Blog - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Rehabilitation plots on reclaimed land lack basic infrastructure - The Hindu - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Expert's opinion on how 70ft wall collapsed in the middle of the night - Nottinghamshire Live - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Friendship and Stonework Grow More Beautiful With Time - The Atlantic - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Mumbai: Repair of BG Kher Marg only after post-monsoon inspection - Free Press Journal - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Explaining the Icy Mystery of the Dyatlov Pass - kottke.org - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Anger after traffic cones moved at Greengates junction - Bradford Telegraph and Argus - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- APP spends nearly $90K assisting; plans to double that figure this year (With Photos) - Dominica News Online - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Guide rails proposed for Sherman's Hubbell Mountain Road, now it's up to the taxpayers - Laredo Morning Times - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Adorable Adoptable Pets Of The Week In The Oxford Area - Oxford, CT Patch - February 5th, 2021 [February 5th, 2021]
- Reconstruction of Third Street wall in Leechburg expected to start in April or May - TribLIVE - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Floral Park Board of Trustees report for January 19 - The Island Now - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Its like a big jigsaw puzzle: Pathway overpass foundation work underway - Scottsbluff Star Herald - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Boys, ages 11 and 12, arrested after racing, crashing stolen car in St. Paul - Bring Me The News - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- UPDATED: Morning traffic in Saanich interrupted after driver crashes into centre median, retaining wall - Saanich News - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Sunderland road closed off to traffic over safety concerns after wall crumbles - Sunderland Echo - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Kill Coal to Save Lives - The New Republic - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Putnam road project part of push to keep work in-house - Huntington Herald Dispatch - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Riverside breaks ground on playground | The St. Clair Times | annistonstar.com - Anniston Star - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Wilton Selectboard hears Water Department concerns and announces nomination ballots - Daily Bulldog - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Buildings, tunnels and bridges could soon repair themselves - Horizon - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- The cry to vote | The Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle - thejewishchronicle.net - January 22nd, 2021 [January 22nd, 2021]
- Construction Worker Killed After Retaining Wall Collapses In Brooklyn - CBS New York - January 3rd, 2021 [January 3rd, 2021]
- Montague homeowners ordered to remove retaining wall built on town land - The Journal Pioneer - January 3rd, 2021 [January 3rd, 2021]
- Fayetteville City Council to meet twice this week - Arkansas Online - January 3rd, 2021 [January 3rd, 2021]
- Looking back: Here are the Top 10 stories of 2020 - KBJR 6 - January 3rd, 2021 [January 3rd, 2021]