Welcome to PlumbersStock.com! If you are looking to buy plumbing supplies online, then you have come to the right place. Professional plumbers and do-it-yourselfers alike call on us when they need fixtures or plumbing parts at fair prices. As leaders in the home improvement industry, we carry more than just plumbing supply. Here you will find great deals on a wide selection of tools, lawn & garden, and HVAC supply. We carry a wide range of household names and products to ensure that your needs are met, no matter the difficulty of the project that you face. After years of experience providing our customers with discount plumbing supplies, we are confident that we can earn and keep your business.

One thing that sets us apart from the competition is our selection of plumbing parts. We have everything, whether you are looking for rough plumbing or finish. We carry all the names you know and trust, including Delta Faucet, Moen, TOTO, InSinkErator, American Standard, and much more! You can call on us when youre in need of a brand new sink, a water heater part, or a supply line for your toilet. In short, we have everything and we have the best prices, so you can update your kitchen or bathroom on a tight budget.

As an industry leader in heating and air conditioning supply, PlumbersStock.com has some of the hardest-to-find parts in the industry. In those cold winter months, when your furnace breaks and the local hardware doesnt carry the part, you need a solution fast for your family. You should come here first, because we have great prices, and if we dont have it, you probably wont find it anywhere else. Some of the household brands we carry include Shoemaker, DuraVent, and more. It doesnt matter if you are looking for a replacement return air grille or a new furnace, we have you covered.

PlumbersStock.com is well-versed in all things home improvement. Though our foundation is in online plumbing supply, our expertise in sprinklers, irrigation, and landscape supply is top-notch. Our prices are what really make us stand out, and we offer our customers trusted names in the industry, including Rainbird, Toro Irrigatoin, Irritrol, etc. We have sprinkler timers, rain sensors, gardening tools, fake rock covers, and more. Here, you are certain to find the best prices for your landscaping solutions.

Tools can be very expensive and replacement parts can be hard to find, which is why you should familiarize yourself with the selection we have here at PlumbersStock.com. With Milwaukee, Ridgid, Reed, and more great names from which to choose, we carry everything you need, from power tools to essential accessories, as well as hand tools. PlumbersStock has the selection to cover the needs of homeowners, and we even carry the kinds of high-tech plumbing tools and HVAC meters that only industry professionals use.

Because of our valued reputation in the marketplace, we have been able to secure relationships with the most trusted plumbing supply companies in the industry. If you need wholesale prices on toilets, faucets, sinks, water heaters, and more, we are certain have the desired plumbing part from your preferred manufacturer ready to ship to you.

We literally have hundreds of thousands of discount products from which to choose. Our website conveniently allows you to browse quickly through numerous items that will be delivered right to your door, saving you time and frustration. Ordering plumbing supply online with PlumbersStock.com offers all this convenience and more.

We also put a strong emphasis on customer service. The next time you are in desperate need of the right plumbing product, put our experts to the test. Our customers always come back for more once they've seen the thorough service that we offer. You can order the specific plumbing supply parts you need from the convenience of your home. We allow you to track the status of your order right here on our site. It's no wonder that so many professional plumbers and homeowners choose PlumbersStock.com when they buy plumbing supplies online. Wholesale shoppers can save with our free shipping offer.

We can promptly get your shipment of discount plumbing supplies under way. In the rare case that we do not have the plumbing part you need in stock, we can still usually deliver in 7-10 business days. In order to meet the expectations set by manufacturers we ship the products exactly as the manufacturers sell them. As long as you have not installed the fixture or part, we are very generous with our return policy. Just contact one of our representatives and they will walk you through the process.

Enjoy the lowest home improvement prices on the web at PlumbersStock.com. With so many benefits to shopping with us, there is no reason to go anywhere else. Nobody offers the savings we do, which is why its so easy for us to keep our customers. Order plumbing fixtures and parts online from the comfort of your home and keep some of your hard-earned money when you stretch your dollar with PlumbersStock.com.

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PlumbersStock - Plumbing Supply Online, HVAC, Sprinklers, & Tools

Master or Journeyman License TestingandRenewal Information

The following links will direct you to the Legislative Research Commission statute and regulation Web pages. To return to the Division of Plumbing Web page, please click on your back arrow.

Kentucky Administrative Regulation - Chapter 20 Plumbing

Master and Journeyman examination schedule and information.

Applications must be completed correctly and in the Frankfort office no later than three weeks prior to the exam date.

Master Exam

Check in for examination at 7:30 a.m.; examinations start at8 a.m.

A maximum of 2 1/2 hours is allowed for completion of the exam.

Journeyman Exam

Check in for examination at 7:30 a.m.; examinations start at 8 a.m.

A maximum of21/2hours is allowed for completion of the written portion

and 2 1/2 hours is allowed for the completion of the practical portion of the examination.

Journeymanexam schedule is listed in the Quick Links.

Original post:
Division of Plumbing | Plumbing License

Plumbing (which comes from the Latin word plumbum, which means lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the job of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and getting rid of waste. A plumber is someone who fixes or puts in piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. Many plumbers are construction workers. The plumbing industry is an important part of every developed economy because people need clean water and safe ways to move and store waste.[1]

Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures put in a building to move water and the get rid of waste that is in water. Plumbing is different from water and sewage systems because plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city.

Plumbing was very rare until modern cities grew in the 19th century. At about the same time, public health leaders began wanting better systems to get rid of waste. Before this, people got rid of waste by collecting it and dumping it onto the ground or into rivers. However, there were some plumbing pipes in the city settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C.[2] Plumbing was also used during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they built public baths and needed drinking water, and somewhere to drain waste. The Romans used pipe inscriptions to stop people from stealing water.

These systems did not improve much over the years. There were almost no improvements from the time of the Roman aqueducts and sewers until the 19th century. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems got rid of open sewage ditches and cesspools. Most large cities today send solid wastes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. Treatment separates water from waste and makes the water more pure before it goes into streams or other bodies of water. Most places stopped using lead for drinking water after World War II because of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was started because it was safer than using lead pipes.[3]

Water systems in ancient times used gravity to move water. They used pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo or stone. Today, water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper,[4] brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in pipes today because it can be poisonous.[5][6][7]

The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. A pipe is usually made by casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe usually has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubes have thinner walls, and needs special joining techniques such as 'brazing', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.

As well as the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions.

Plumbing fixtures are designed for the people who use the water. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

Much of the plumbing work in places where many people live is done under government rules. Putting in plumbing and fixing plumbing generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the people who live or work in the buildings.

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Plumbing - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

West Virginia Law requires the certification of plumbers. Effective January 1, 2009, no plumber may perform or offer to perform plumbing work in West Virginia without a plumber license issued by the West Virginia Division of Labor. Working without a proper license may result in the issuance of a cease and desist order. There are exemptions listed in 21-14-3 (c) 1-8 that allow certain plumbing work to be performed without having a plumber license. The classifications and experience necessary to be certified, through July 1, 2009, without written examination are listed below:1.Master plumber means a person with at least twelve thousand (12,000) hours of plumbing work experience and who is competent to design plumbing systems, and to instruct and supervise the plumbing work of journeyman plumbers, and plumbers in training.

2.Journeyman plumber means a person qualified by at least eight thousand hours (8,000) of plumbing or related experience and who is competent to instruct and supervise the work of a plumber in training.

3.Plumber in training means a person with interest in and an aptitude for performing plumbing work but who alone is not capable of performing plumbing work, and who has fewer than eight thousand hours (8,000) of plumbing experience.July 1, 2008 The Division began accepting and processing applications.

Effective July 2, 2009: All applicants will be required to certify experience and take a written exam.

Plumber License Contacts

Plumber License FAQs

Plumber Forms

Plumber License Statute & Legislative Rule

Search for Licensed Plumber

Visit link:
Division of Labor

Need a solution to your plumbing problem? You can count on us! Whether youre looking for routine maintenance or you need a plumbing solution for a major repair, well be there. We want to make it easy for you so we work around your schedule, seven days a week!

Our certified plumbing technicians will arrive promptly, listen to your needs and offer quality plumbing solutions. Its no wonder more families in the Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, Delaware and the Philadelphia area rely on our knowledge and experience to get their plumbing systems back in working order.

Dont wait its so easy! Sign up with our plumbing service request form or call today to schedule an appointment.

Our plumbing technicians service Baltimore County, Delaware County, New Castle County, Chester County, Howard County, Montgomery County, Prince Georges County, Anne Arundel County, Harford County, Carroll County, and Cecil County. Additionally, our service area includes Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia counties such as Fairfax, Stafford, Fredericksburg, Fairfax City, Alexandria, Arlington County, Loudoun County, Prince William County, Falls Church,and Manassas.

If youre having any of the following plumbing situations, our certified Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, Delaware and Philadelphia plumbers can help:

Dont see your problem listed? Call and ask us about it!

Len The Plumber is a full service plumbing company. No matter what your plumbing issue is, weve probably seen and provided the plumbing solution before!

If you live in the Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia, Delaware and the Philadelphia Area, contact us today to schedule your plumbing service!

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Plumbing Services in MD, DC, VA, DE & PA - Len The Plumber

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures

Date: 11/2018

What material is your sink made of?: Stainless Steel

Where is the sink located?: Kitchen sink

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

Desired Project Start Date: Unsure about timing

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures

Date: 11/2018

Is this an emergency?: No

Request Stage: Ready to Hire

Desired Completion Date: 1 - 2 weeks

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

After Business Hours: No

Historical Work: No

Property Owner: Yes

Comment: I would like to get an estimate for plumbing to fix my sink-call me next week. after the holidays. leak somewhere.

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures - For Business

Date: 11/2018

Project Description: Several small plumbing 'fix-it' or install projects

Is this an emergency?: No

Request Stage: Ready to Hire

Desired Completion Date: Timing is flexible

What kind of location is this?: Business

After Business Hours: No

Historical Work: No

Property Owner: Yes

Comment: Renovating office space, going to need some plumbing moved around, sprinkler heads, etc.

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures

Date: 11/2018

Project Description: Find and/or fix a leak

Plumbing Repairs: Item not working properly

Plumbing Fixtures: Faucet

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

After Business Hours: Yes

Historical Work: No

Property Owner: Yes

Desired Project Start Date: Unsure about timing

Comment: Water dripping on the bathtub Fossett .

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures

Date: 11/2018

Project Description: Repair a faulty plumbing item

Plumbing Repairs: Item not working properly

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

Desired Project Start Date: Unsure about timing

Comment: Bathtub faucet is leaking

Project: Camera Locate Breakage for a Plumbing System

Date: 11/2018

Is this an emergency?: Yes

Other drains clogged: No

Reason for Camera: Suspect breakage in joints

Request Stage: Ready to Hire

Desired Completion Date: Within 1 week

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

After Business Hours: Yes

Property Owner: Yes

Comment: We have a 2 story townhouse, we live on the 2nd floor. Our neighbors downstairs have water cascading through their kitchen cabinets when we run our showers, so their is a break somewhere in the waste line between our units.

Project: Install, Replace or Repair a Main Sewer Pipe

Date: 11/2018

Nature of Project: Other

Reason for Service: Other

Desired Project Start Date: Tomorrow

Comment: We live in Harmon Cove, in a series of townhouses. The 2nd floor unit (my unit) has a break somewhere in the waste line and is cascading water onto the 1st floor unit..

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures

Date: 10/2018

Is this an emergency?: Yes

What type of toilet?: Standard flow toilet

Plumbing Repairs: Hardware is broken, Leaks/drips, Toilet keeps running

For installs, have you already bought the toilet?: Yes

Request Stage: Ready to Hire

Desired Completion Date: Timing is flexible

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

After Business Hours: No

Historical Work: No

Property Owner: Yes

Comment: toilet internal mechanism is broken holding the balast. i can text u pics

Project: Install, Repair or Replace Plumbing or Fixtures

Date: 10/2018

What kind of location is this?: Home/Residence

Desired Project Start Date: Tomorrow

Comment: Leaking pipe beneath sink needs replacement.

Project: Install, Replace or Repair a Main Water Pipe

Date: 10/2018

Is this an emergency?: No

Request Stage: Ready to Hire

Desired Completion Date: Within 1 week

Comment: Need to cap the drain and water lines in a bathroom also for the sink and get a permit for the water heater

The rest is here:
16 Best Plumbers - Secaucus NJ - HomeAdvisor

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The progress of a society may be judged by the way in which it disposes of its human waste material, and thus by the quality of its sewerage system (Mumford 1961, chap. 8). In the ancient world, the Greeks and Romans put great emphasis upon town planning. Roman cities were famed for their sewers, drains, aqueducts, paved streets, and roads. Domestic plumbing ranged from marble bathrooms with under-floor heating and indoor toilets in upmarket villas to basic latrine provision for the Roman army, as found, for example, alongside Hadrians Wall in northern Britain (Greed 2003). Following the decline of the Roman Empire, waste disposal returned to more primitive methods. Most ordinary people used an outdoor privy, while nobles often had an indoor toilet built out from the wall of their castle, hanging over the moat. In the Christian West during the Middle Ages, indoor plumbing, or for that matter personal hygiene and privacy, were not highly esteemed marks of civilization or progress, although washing and bathing, and bathhouses, were given higher priority in the Muslim East (Bonneville 1997).

In urban areas, the emptying of chamber pots straight into the street, and the accumulation of piles of human waste, resulted in disease and an unpleasant urban environment. Night-soil men were often employed to collect excreta, which was spread on the fields as fertilizer. Although Sir John Harrington had developed an indoor flushing toilet for Queen Elizabeth I in 1596, it was not until the rise of mass industrialization and urbanization in the nineteenth century that domestic toilets were mass-produced in northern England. Flushing technology was improved through the efforts of inventive manufacturers such as John Shanks, George Jennings, Alexander Cummings, and Thomas Crapper in the United Kingdom (Reyburn 1969) and Thomas Maddocks, John Randall Mann, William Campbell, and Henry Demarest, among others, in the United States (Palmer 1973). Early toilet manufacturers were generally companies that had first made their name in the manufacture of china and earthenware. Such English companies as Minton, Twyford, and Doulton adapted their production processes to make porcelain toilet bowls and pans. Toilet design was based upon the sit rather than squat mode of excretion (which required nothing more than a hole in the ground). The sit approach required a specific and highly marketable consumer product, the pedestal toilet, along with all the plumbing fixtures, such as taps (faucets), cisterns, basins, and fittings that together made up the bathroom. Interestingly, urinals for men, although a common feature of public toilets, are not generally a feature of private domestic bathrooms. These artifacts were exported from Britain to the rest of the world as a sign of modernity and Western progress, and were rapidly adopted for fear of being seen as backward or dirty, in spite of the fact that the majority of the worlds population squats when eliminating waste, a position that is ergonomically more healthy and efficient.

Compartmentalization of production was marked by separate metal-manufacture companies specializing in lead piping, plumbing fixtures, and other nonporcelain components. Nowadays, international toilet companies such as Armitage Shanks, Ideal Standard, and Geberit have diversified to offer a wide range of toilet technologies and materials. Synthetic materials now predominate; piping is made of plastic and the porcelain is more likely to be polymer. Old and widely used lead piping has been condemned as a potential cause of poisoning. (Plumbing gets its name from plomb, the medieval word for lead, as plumbers were essentially lead workers.)

While in the past, mains drainage and indoor plumbing were a sign of modernity, today people want designer bathrooms, luxury fixtures, power showers, fitted kitchens, and the latest technology. There has been a restroom revolution in Asia in particular, with companies such as Toto producing complete prefabricated bathroom units for the Japanese housing market, all the components being made together. Colored polyester resins, modern plastics, and marble and granite composites feature strongly in these modern bathroom modules (Greed 2003). Likewise, modern automatic public toilets are fully integrated, prefabricated systems that often use stainless steel and pathogen-resistant polymer materials. However, user-end toilet innovation must be matched by provider-end infrastructural sewerage system provision. The functionality of domestic toilets is dependent on there being a working sewerage system to take away output. Alternatively, the output from a luxury bathroom, as is the case in some affluent areas in developing countries, might end up in a cesspool under the house for collection by traditional night-soil operatives. Alternatively, as in some parts of the Americas and Australasia, even upmarket private houses are not served by a municipal sewerage and drainage system, and depend upon their own cesspits, generators, and water tanks.

Both public and domestic toilet design is becoming increasingly technologically driven, with automatic flushes and sensor-controlled washing-and-drying facilities becoming commonplace. In parallel, environmental sustainability requirements to save water have resulted in a range of dual-flush cisterns, waterless urinals, and human-waste recycling innovations. High levels of toilet provision in every home, along with highly developed sewerage systems, are no longer necessarily seen as signs of progress and economic development. Such assumptions are now being questioned. Many parts of the world are not economically or environmentally in a position to build modern, expensive water and sewerage systems: It is not a high priority. Water is becoming an increasingly expensive and scarce resource; some see it as the new oil in terms of future geopolitical tensions. Far from being a sign of economic development, many see the emphasis upon water-based sewerage systems and flushing toilets as old fashioned, colonial, and unsustainable. Instead, new, more sustainable solutions are being developed, especially within prosperous advanced Asian countries that can afford such research. Such systems will incorporate the most modern technological and scientific advances in the fields of engineering, pathogen control, and urban governance (Chun 2002; Mara 2006).

SEE ALSO Civilization; Developing Countries; Development; Modernization; Planning; Public Health; Sanitation; Toilets; Urbanization; Water Resources

Bonneville, Franoise de. 1997. The Book of the Bath. London: Thames and Hudson.

Chun, Allen. 2002. Flushing in the Future: The Supermodern Japanese Toilet in a Changing Domestic Culture. Post Colonial Studies Journal (The Toilet Issue) 5 (2): 153170.

Greed, Clara. 2003. Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets. Oxford: Elsevier.

Kira, Alexander. 1976. The Bathroom. London: Penguin.

Mara, Duncan. 2006. Modern Engineering Interventions to Reduce the Transmission of Diseases Caused by Inadequate Domestic Water Supplies and Sanitation in Developing Countries. Building Services and Engineering Research and Technology 27 (2): 7584.

Mumford, Lewis. 1961. The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. London: Penguin.

Palmer, Roy. 1973. The Water Closet: A New History. London: David and Charles, Newton Abbot.

Reyburn, Wallace. 1969. Flushed with Pride: The Story of Thomas Crapper. London: Macdonald.

Clara Greed

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Plumbing | Encyclopedia.com

At Drain Rescue Plumbers Toronto, we do it all and we do it right the first time! We have a full staff of licensed and trained plumbers, and all our workmanship is warranty-backed. Our Toronto plumber and drain technicians arrive fast with a fully stocked truck, a clean uniform and a smile.

Sooner or later, every Toronto homeowner will face some kind of plumbing problem. Large or small, simple or complex, with 20 years of industry experience, Drain Rescues Toronto plumbing team has seen and fixed just about everything.

Discovering a clogged drain is usually a surprising and unwanted event. If you see water building up around a drain in your home and not flowing through like its supposed to, you probably have a clog. We conduct a thorough inspection to locate the clog and promptly remove it.

Sewer backups are caused by blockages from tree roots, drain line corrosions, improper disposal of grease or paper products, and excess water following a heavy rainfall or flood that leads to sewage flowing out of city sewer lines and into homes through drain pipes. Yikes! If youve got a backed up sewer, its time to get help right away.

We cant control nature, but theres a lot we can do to protect ourselves and our homes from the damage its capable of causing. Proper household waterproofing and flood protection can save you thousands of dollars over time, not to mention protect your home and the sentimental keepsakes inside of it.

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Toronto Plumbers | Drain Rescue | 24/7 plumbing service

Bathe retro with a $1,000 cast iron clawfoot freestanding tub. Or go futuristic with your soaking comforts as your body listens to music through sound waves emanating from underwater resonant speakers in a tricked out corner tub costing thousands.

Want something simpler yet still stylish? Soak in the middle of the room in a drop-in tub, starting at $600; or step into a no frills all-purpose $500 alcove tub tucked in three walls, with a showerhead for every day.

Simple bathtub faucets start around $50 and run 10 times that or more. The average cost to replace an old tub with a new one runs $2,500 to $3,500, according to Costhelper.com.

Whatever your preference and price point, theres a tub to sooth. Thats, of course, ifyou want a bathtub.Many homeowners particularly those who dont have young children living with them have thrown the tub out with the bath water in favor of installing a walk-in shower. Just make sure to consider the pros and cons of tub to shower conversions.

Among popular options, are walk-in showers wrapped in a frameless glass enclosure or tiled walls, with or without a door to seal in the steam. Then theres the choice of what angle you want the water to hit you.

Options range from the standard wall-mount showerhead, overhead, and handheld showerheads to multiple showerheads that spritz targeted spray, rain and mist. You could spend less than $50 for a basic showerhead, or thousands for a shower system.

The price to install a shower can range from a hundred or so to put in a showerhead and add a curtain to an alcove tub or $1,000 for a simple shower stall. Expect to pay $5,000 to $10,000 or more for a tiled walk-in shower enclosed in glass.

You can cut your water consumption during showers nearly in half by installing a low-flow showerhead. This would also make it less likely youll run out of hot water during times of peak water use in your home.

According tostandards set by the federal government, a low-flow showerhead uses no more than 2.5 gallons of water per minute at a water pressure of 80 pounds per square inch. Thats less than half the rate of water used by some older traditional showerhead models. Low-flow showerheads come in two main types, aerating, which creates a mist, or laminar-flow that sends water out in a steady stream.

Whether you switch to a low-flow shower head or just want to replace your old one, the steps are simple:

1. Remove the old showerhead by twisting it to the left. If you need to use a wrench, wrap a soft cloth around the shower head and tighten the wrench around it to prevent scratching the plumbing lines.

2. Clean off any gunk in the threads of the shower pipe and wrap it with fresh plumber's tape. The tape should overlap itself by about 50 percent as you move across the threads. Wrap clockwise so the tape wraps in the same direction that new head will screw on.

3. Attach the new showerhead and tighten it as much as you can by hand.

4. Turn on the shower and watch for leaks. If you see any, wrap the showerhead with the cloth and use the wrench to gently give it one more quarter turn.

To save water elsewhere in the bathroom, newer faucets come with aerators, which screw on to the tip of the faucet, that reduce flow rates. Check into adding one if yours doesnt already come equipped.

Continued here:
Plumbing - How to Hire Professional Plumbers | Angie's List

This dip did not, however, remove plumbers from the top echelon of wage-earners.

For instance, the concept of water is viewed dierently by a thirsty person, a plumber, a chemist, and a painter.

A good farmer (pianist, husband, acrobat, plumber, etc.) does not ex officio eliminate all the evils he can.

Over the next few minutes, cleaning personnel, waiters with trays of food, a manicurist, a plumber, and others enter the cabin.

Electricians, plumbers and steam engineers pursue their respective trades under license.

For carters and plumbers, as for lawyers, annual stipends are best regarded as retaining fees to ensure adequate service when it was required.

Even steamfitters, electricians and plumbers are required to have licenses.

As many readers will appreciate, plumbing was once an unfashionable trade but now the plumbers are more valuable than interior decorators.

The third category includes most of the skilled artisans, such as bakers, blacksmiths, carpenters, mechanics, plumbers, and tailors as well as skilled factory workers, policemen, and bookkeepers.

In the course of the meeting, the management finally agreed to bring in a plumber, and both problems (flooded restrooms and paper on the floor) were eventually resolved.

The first is more like 'craftsmanship' - carpenters, plumbers, etc., are handverkare.

It is not a function of technique or learning but of sincerity, uncorrupted consciousness; and, presumably, plumbers as well as poets can achieve that rare human condition.

It should be noted that any simple analogical argument based upon the plumber example is suspect because legislative actions (and intentions?) are institutional (not to mention formal).

Whilst an operations manual is used as a reference, the main source of operational information is transferred informally between plumbers at season hand-over.

Occupational classifications do not differentiate between plumbers and gas fittersthey are grouped together within the classification for plumbers, heating and ventilating engineers.

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PLUMBER | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary