What is meant by an Electrical Installation ?

An electrical installation can be simply described as a system consisting of electrical components such as conductors and switchgear to work electrical equipment to fulfill a specific purpose, safely.

Examples for electrical installations are numerous around you.

The Electrical system of your house, the plant room of a swimming pool, a factory with few or many electrical equipment, a workshop with machinery, the services of a multi storied building consisting of Electrical equipment- all these can be cited for electrical installations.

The root of generating Electricity for various requirements of the mankind today is numerous. Major methods of Electrical Power Generation are Thermal, Hydropower, Nuclear ,Solar and Wind Power.

The generated power is distributed through an Electrical Distribution system.

The Power Utility Companies or government Power Utility Institutes take the responsibility of bringing the Electrical Power to the Consumer.A Consumer can be a large Production Industry or a basic Home of a person.

The Consumers requirements vary greatly according to his electrical power requirements or the useage of Electricity.

Electrical Installations are needed for the Consumer to use Electricity for his requirements such as Lighting, Heating and Air Conditioning , running all types of Electrical Equipment , to name a few.

All of us at one time or another, needs the services of Electrical Installers to attend to either new installation work or to maintain existing electrical installations.

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Electrolesk's Practical Electrical Installation Guide,DIY ...

If you are looking for pictures of temporary electrical installations, they can be found at another post, Temporary electrical installation picturesandTemporary lighting installation pictures.What you will find below are mostly on permanent installations. Picture 1 Conduit and trunking

The above picture shows how the electrical conduit and trunking installation should be coordinated with water pipes.

Trade subcontractors (water piping sub-contractors, electrical sub-contractors, telephone cabling contractor, computer network contractor, etc) must not be allowed to proceed with the installation of their individual services and equipment on the first come, first served basis.

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Prior to the commencement of the installation works by trade sub-contractors, a set of proper coordinated drawings, endorsed by all relevant parties, should be made available to all the sub-contractors involved in a particular area.

Feedbacks from them should be heard because they are the ones who will be doing the works. Many times, what are nicely shown on approved drawings cannot be practically constructed at site.

You will find more pictures on this matter in Electrical conduit and trunking pictures.

Picture 2 Electrical grounding electrode and chamber

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Electrical Installation Wiring Pictures: Electrical ...

The following few pictures and diagrams show the connections of the 1-phase ELCB unit inside a house electrical panel. They are for readers who wish to understand how the electric shock protection devise is connected to their house electrical wiring.

The leakage current (or leakage voltage) usually occurs when there is a defect in a part of the installation, which can be caused by faulty components or by injuries to the insulation of the wiring, cables, electrical appliances or other accessories such as the switches and socket outlets.

When there is leaked current that exceeds the preset value of the ELCB setting, the ELCB then breaks the connection of the incoming electricity supply from the internal house wiring.

This is done automatically within a fraction of a second of the leakage being detected, before the magnitude of the leakage current reaches a level that can cause serious injuries or electrocution.

With a proper use of ELCB, the possibility of serious injuries due to electric shock to a person who accidentally come into contact with energized metal casing of an appliance is minimized.

B. ELCB circuit

An ELCB is not a simple component. Inside the casing of the ELCB unit you can see in Picture 2 above are a number of components. These components are assembled together and wired into a small electrical circuit with a dedicated purpose.

Diagram 3 below shows the internal circuit of a single phase ELCB. This type is one of the most commonly used type in house electrical panels.

However, before I go further, a few points need to be kept in mind throughout this article.

1. When it first came to be used, the ELCB was actually a voltage-operated device that was designed to detect a current leaking through the earth path of electrical equipment and appliances.

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Electrical Installation Wiring Pictures: 1-Phase ELCB ...

Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, less often bob wire[1][2] or, in the southeastern United States, bobbed wire[3]), is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). It is used to construct inexpensive fences and is used atop walls surrounding secured property. It is also a major feature of the fortifications in trench warfare (as a wire obstacle).

A person or animal trying to pass through or over barbed wire will suffer discomfort and possibly injury. Barbed wire fencing requires only fence posts, wire, and fixing devices such as staples. It is simple to construct and quick to erect, even by an unskilled person.

The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor.[4][5]Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions.

Barbed wire was the first wire technology capable of restraining cattle. Wire fences were cheaper and easier to erect than their alternatives. (One such alternative was Osage orange, a thorny bush which was time-consuming to transplant and grow. The Osage orange later became a supplier of the wood used in making barb wire fence posts.[6]) When wire fences became widely available in the United States in the late 19th century, they made it affordable to fence much larger areas than before. They made intensive animal husbandry practical on a much larger scale.

An example of the costs of fencing with lumber immediately prior to the invention of barbed wire can be found with the first farmers in the Fresno, California area, who spent nearly $4000 (over $75,000 in present-day dollars) to have wood for fencing delivered and erected to protect 2500 acres of wheat crop from free-ranging livestock in 1872.[7]

Fencing consisting of flat and thin wire was first proposed in France, by Leonce Eugene Grassin-Baledans in 1860. His design consisted of bristling points, creating a fence that was painful to cross. In April 1865 Louis Franois Janin proposed a double wire with diamond-shaped metal barbs; he was granted a patent. Michael Kelly from New York had a similar idea, and proposed that the fencing should be used specifically for deterring animals.[8]

More patents followed, and in 1867 alone there were six patents issued for barbed wire. Only two of them addressed livestock deterrence, one of which was from American Lucien B. Smith of Ohio.[9] Before 1870, westward movement in the USA was largely across the plains with little or no settlement occurring. After the American Civil War the plains were extensively settled, consolidating America's dominance over them.[10]

Ranchers moved out on the plains, and needed to fence their land in against encroaching farmers and other ranchers. The railroads throughout the growing West needed to keep livestock off their tracks, and farmers needed to keep stray cattle from trampling their crops.[11] Traditional fence materials used in the Eastern U.S., like wood and stone, were expensive to use in the large open spaces of the plains, and hedging was not reliable in the rocky, clay-based and rain-starved dusty soils. A cost-effective alternative was needed to make cattle operations profitable.[12]

The "Big Four" in barbed wire were Joseph Glidden, Jacob Haish, Charles Francis Washburn, and Isaac L. Ellwood.[13] Glidden, a farmer in 1873 and the first of the "Big Four," is often credited for designing a successful sturdy barbed wire product, but he let others popularize it for him. Glidden's idea came from a display at a fair in DeKalb, Illinois in 1873, by Henry B. Rose. Rose had patented "The Wooden Strip with Metallic Points" in May 1873.[14]

This was simply a wooden block with wire protrusions designed to keep cows from breaching the fence. That day, Glidden was accompanied by two other men, Isaac L. Ellwood, a hardware dealer and Jacob Haish, a lumber merchant. Like Glidden, they both wanted to create a more durable wire fence with fixed barbs. Glidden experimented with a grindstone to twist two wires together to hold the barbs on the wire in place. They were created from experiments with a coffee mill from his home.[14]

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Barbed wire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Streetcar construction was taken to new heights as the crews completed the first stretch of wiring that will power the streetcar.

The first sections of overhead contact system, or OCS, go along Elm Street from 12th Street to Henry Street.

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The wire carries a 750 volt DC. The wires hang about 20 feet off the ground but project executive John Deatrick still wants people to be on guard.

The line carries a strong electric current and Deatrick said you should always assume it's live.

That's why there's a city permit that you have to get if you're going to work around that wire, said Deatrik.

Along with the city permit for anyone doing construction or utility work near the wire, a metro permit will also have to be secured. Anyone seeking those permits will also be required to go through safety training.

Rhinegeist Brewery is along the streetcar route. People working there were excited to see the wires when they got in to work on Wednesday.

I moved here back in August when they were tearing apart the pavement to put in the tracks. And now that the lines are coming up it's pretty cool to see that this is actually progressing. And before you know it we're going to have a stop right in front of the brewery, so that's pretty fun to see, said Luis Gallardo.

The streetcar is expected to be up and running by September 2016.

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Crews install first stretch of streetcar wires along Elm Street

New Product from Thomas & Betts Saves Jobsite Time and Cost

MEMPHIS, Tenn. The new Steel City 4 Square Open Back Box from Thomas & Betts (T&B) allows for wiring of a pre-installed device from the back, without having to remove the mud ring from the front of the box to make connections.

The simplified installation of the Steel City 4 Square Open Back Box saves time and cost on the jobsite, said Chad Smith, global product group manager at T&B. After making connections, the installer can simply close the box with a blank cover. This is especially ideal for prefabricated assemblies, where access from the back makes wiring connections in the field fast and easy.

Steel City 4 Square Open Back Boxes are available in shallow (1 inches deep) or deep (2 1/8 inches deep) models. Mounting screws on both sides of the box accommodate a mud ring on the front and a blank cover on the back.

Ground clips are also available to connect a ground wire to the box.

For more information about the new Steel City 4 Square Open Back Box from T&B, please visitwww.tnb.com and look for Steel City on the "Brands" tab, or call (800) 238-5000.

Thomas & Betts Corporation, a member of the ABB Group, is a global leader in the design, manufacture and marketing of essential components used to manage the connection, distribution, transmission and reliability of electrical power in utility, industrial, commercial, and residential applications. With a portfolio of more than 200,000 products marketed under more than 45 premium brand names, Thomas & Betts products are found wherever electricity is used. Thomas & Betts headquarters are in Memphis, Tenn. For more information, please visit http://www.tnb.com.

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Square Open Back Boxes allow access to back of installed devices.

UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit provides easy to install visual indication of energized heat trace circuit

PITTSBURGH -- Chromalox, a leading manufacturer of advanced thermal technologies, today announced the availability of a new U Series accessory that represents cutting-edge design in heat tracing accessories. The UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit provides visual indication that a heat trace circuit is energized and is designed for use in Energy and commercial building & construction markets. The NEMA 4X rated end seal is designed to terminate one cable and indicate power with a universal voltage LED indicator light.

"The UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit is designed for quick and easy installation with self-regulating and constant wattage heat trace cables," said Chris Myers, product manager, Heat Trace. "With the installer in mind, we designed the product with a single piece clamshell to eliminate all screws, reduce the number of tools and create an easy installation experience."

The UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit is the only product in the industry offer 360-degree visibility. "In addition, the UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit allows users to order one unit for both 120 volt through 277 volt applications," said Myers.

Compliant with the highest global standards, the UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit is Division 2 approved by the Canadian Standards Association and FM Global, with approvals underway through the (ATEX) Directive and IECEx.

The UESL End Seal Signal Light Kit is the most durable and economic product in its class. The universal 120V-277V LED indicator light kit is designed for use with SRL, SRP, SRM/E and CWM heat trace cables and features eight LED lights. The model also provides water-resistant cable entry and corrosion-resistant wiring enclosure.

For more information, visit http://www.chromalox.com.

About Chromalox Around the world, Chromalox is known for advanced thermal technologies engineered for the world's toughest industrial heating applications. We partner with our customers to find elegant solutions to the most difficult and unique heating challenges. Our Heat Trace segment delivers temperature management solutions for piping systems, valves and tanks. Our Industrial Heaters and Systems segment delivers process heating solutions for revenue-generating industrial processes, and our Component Technologies segment delivers component heating solutions for industrial equipment manufacturers. Drawing upon a century of experience, a global footprint, and the most comprehensive set of technologies in our industry, no thermal control project is too large or complex. Founded in 1917, Chromalox is headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA.

CONTACT: Barbara Lee Chromalox, Inc. 412-967-3800 Barbara.lee@chromalox.com

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Heat Tracing Accessory visually indicates energized circuit.

SAN JOSE, CA Bentek, a manufacturer of a broad range of OEM power distribution products for the residential, commercial and utility-scale marketplaces, has begun shipment of the Bentek Commercial PV PowerRack-AL for three-phase inverters.

Bentek is pleased to begin shipping our new three-phase commercial Inverter PowerRack-AL, said John H. Buckley, Executive of Sales and Marketing for Bentek. The PowerRack-AL is a cost-effective, easy-to-install racking solution for three-phase commercial inverters.

The universal PowerRack-AL provides a common design that fits ABB, Advanced Energy, Chint, Schneider, SMA, Solar Edge, SolarMax and Solectria three-phase inverters. The Bentek Inverter PowerRack-AL can be shipped directly to any commercial jobsite where three-phase inverters can be integrated and installed on commercial rooftops. Bentek also can integrate commercial three-phase inverters and Bentek AC disconnects in its ISO 9001:2008 factory and ship the Bentek Inverter PowerSkid directly to the commercial jobsite. Bentek PowerSkids, when installed within 10 feet of the PV array, allow for NEC 2014 section 690.12 Rapid Shutdown code compliance while saving the customer time and money in simplifying the installation.

For more information about the capabilities of the Bentek Inverter PV PowerRacks and PowerSkids, please contact Bentek at 1-866-505-0303 or visit http://www.Bentek.com.

About Bentek Founded in 1985, Bentek is a leader in engineered electromechanical and power distribution solutions for industrial applications. Bentek designs and manufactures products such as wiring harnesses, electrical combiner boxes, and custom OEM assemblies for the solar energy and semiconductor markets. Bentek is an ISO certified company. For more information, contact Bentek Solar at 866-505-0303, e-mail SolarSales@bentek.com or visit http://www.Bentek.com.

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Universal Rack facilitates inverter installation and setup.

To buck migration, the Barefoot College has turned to mothers and grandmothers to light up villages

Satabhaya village, in Kendrapada district of Odisha, is barely 65 km from the district headquarters, but it can be called remote by any yardstick. Located inside the Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary, it remains deprived of basic facilities such as roads and electricity.

Abutted by the Bay of Bengal, the village is the only one left standing after the constant ingress by an aggressive sea swallowed up six other nearby villages over the past 40 years. Each time a cyclone comes around, villagers cower behind sand dunes before going back to pick up the pieces in their devastated homesteads. When Phailin struck in October 2013, the villagers managed to scramble to safety, but were far unluckier during the Hudhuds rampage in October 2014.

Eking a living in such harsh conditions, the villagers now see a ray of hope solar lanterns promise to light their path to development.

In Rajasthan, at the opposite end of the country, is yet another remote village, Tilonia, located far from its district headquarters. Here the solar lamp not only lights lives but also fetches an income, as the inhabitants of this desert village manufacture them.

Barefoot engineers

The Barefoot College in Tilonia, established nearly 30 years ago by Bunker Roy, is busy training new batches of the solar mothers and grandmothers, also popularly known as the solar mamas. These barefoot solar engineers rarely have formal education, but the dedication to work for their village is a must in them. So the college narrows its choice of trainees to women who are middle-aged and older, as they are least likely to move out of the village. A young woman, on the other hand, often leaves her village after marriage. So also the men, who are likely to scout for better opportunities outside the village after receiving the training.

In fact, the Barefoot College stresses on the importance of common sense. Common sense is in short supply and people are accustomed to believe that only a paper degree means education, development and empowerment, says Roy. The Barefoot College has proved that urban trained experts and professionals can easily be replaced by paraprofessionals from villages who have never been to college or have technical training of any kind. They learn on the job, through trial and error.

From solar energy to health, and from rural water supply to education, the Barefoot College taps the potential of local villagers to find solutions to a range of needs. Having a better understanding of local problems, they are better able to help fellow villagers and are accountable to their community.

After a six-month training, the solar mamas are adept at assembling solar lamps, relying on colour codes and symbols to guide them. The hands-on practical training equips them with skills that include fabrication of charge controllers and inverters, core winding, printed circuit boards, testing, wiring, installation of solar panels, and repair and maintenance of the lamps. These barefoot engineers have lighted up villages using solar energy not only in the remote areas of Ladakh, Barmer and Sikkim in India but also in Bhutan, Afghanistan and about 20 countries in Africa, says Roy.

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Solar mamas engineer energy security

The adapters in the Linksys AV2 networking kit were the only ones in their class to be outfitted with three prongs (the Zyxel AV2 MIMO adapters do, too, but theyre MIMO adapters). Avoid these if your home doesnt have grounded wiring, because you wont be able to plug them in. Whats more, their chunky form factor (they have a smaller footprint than D-Link's DHP-601AV, but the Linksys are thicker) makes it difficult to use the second outlet in a duplex.

The Linksys performance was almost identical to that of D-Link's AV2 adapters, between 65- and 70 Mbps, with good-quality video streaming. And like D-Link's, the Linksys adapters have LEDs to show connections to power, a power-line network, and an Ethernet device, plus passwords and push-button security options.

The Linksys PLEK500 HomePlug Ethernet adapters deliver a mediocre price/performance ratio.

Linksys does provide a pair of five-foot Ethernet cables (D-Link's were much shorter, but other vendors use longer cables) and an installation CD (which many people might not be able to usemy notebooks don't have optical drives).

Linksys must think these extras are precious, or maybe it just has an outsized opinion of its own brand: The kit's $130 MSRP is half again as much as that of the D-Link kit, and its higher than any of the HomePlug AV contenders. The price difference narrows on the street, but its still tough to justify the premium if longer cables and a CD are the only significant advantages.

Contributing Editor Yardena (Denny) Arar is a San Francisco-based freelance writer, avid online shopper, media junkie, consummate foodie, and proud possessor of a private pilot's license. More by Yardena Arar

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Linksys PLEK500 power-line networking review: Pricey for its performance