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A dozen years before the U.S. Civil War, North America was in the throes of a devastating cholera pandemic that had already claimed hundreds of thousands of lives worldwide. In Philadelphia, a physician named John Neill gathered intestines from six victims of the deadly disease, to be used for teaching purposes.
Cholera outbreak creeps closer to Haiti capital
Flash forward 165 years and now one of those specimens, from an unknown male, has yielded the complete DNA of the cholera strain that was responsible for the pandemic. The find, a tour de force for modern genomics, offers new insights into the evolution of a deadly disease while underscoring the hidden value of traditional medical specimens in museum and university collections around the world.
This research is significant because it allows us to reconstruct ancestral forms of a disease that is still with us today, said Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionary geneticist and lead researcher at McMaster Universitys Ancient DNA Centre in Hamilton, where the cholera genome was retrieved.
Cholera, a bacterial infection of the small intestine, is generally acquired through drinking unsanitary water. If untreated, the disease can kill its victim in as little as a day by causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is endemic in the region around the Bay of Bengal, where it is thought to have originated thousands of years ago. Maritime trade by steamship brought cholera in contact with the rest of the world in the early 1800s. Since then, there have been seven major global outbreaks of cholera, but apart from the sixth and seventh outbreak, its not known which particular strain of the bug was behind each pandemic. Because cholera is not preserved in bones or teeth, researchers have not been able to identify and study earlier versions of the disease or trace its genetic development.
That changed after Dr. Poinar and his colleagues heard from Anna Dhody, curator of the Mtter Museum in Philadelphia, where Dr. Neills specimens now reside. In 2008, those discussions eventually brought a team from Canada to the museum, where they painstakingly opened the lead- and wax-sealed jars containing the intestines preserved in alcohol, in hopes of extracting cholera-bearing tissue.
Youre never sure its going to work, said Alison Devault, a PhD student at McMaster and lead author of a paper describing the find, published this week in the New England Journal of Medicine. When youre working with one-of-a-kind samples it can be so tantalizing but it may not pan out.
In fact, only one of the six samples yielded cholera DNA, but in that case there was enough to enable the team to reassemble the microbes entire genome. What made that goal achievable was the advent of a new technology, known as high through-put sequencing, which only became available partway through the teams analysis.
The results show that the cholera that ravaged the continent in the 1840s killing former U.S. president James K. Polk, among many others was an early form of what is known as the classical strain of the disease. In more recent times, another strain, called El Tor, has risen in prominence and researchers are trying to understand why. A variant of El Tor is known to have caused more than 8,000 deaths and widespread illness following a January, 2010, earthquake in Haiti.
The cholera genome the team assembled has more copies of a gene that produces the CTX toxin, which is what triggers the disease. That means the 1849 form of the classical strain may have been more deadly than the current form, though further research will be needed to fully interpret thisand other genetic differences the team uncovered. Like many pathogens, cholera has evolved through the slow ticking clock of mutational change as well as through the wholesale transfer of genes between strains, Dr. Poinar said. A better understanding of that evolution may eventually help researchers develop new drugs that more effectively target the disease.
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Historic DNA sheds light on modern killer
Updated: Friday, January 10 2014, 03:59 PM CST
by Neena Satija, The Texas Tribune
More than 600 children in a South Texas border town may be prevented from returning to school on Monday because of a long-standing dispute over water rates, which have skyrocketed in recent years amid attempts to make badly needed upgrades to the town's water infrastructure.
Several attempts at negotiation between the city of La Villa and the La Villa Independent School District have failed, after the district refused to pay more than $50,000 in overdue water bills and the city cut off its water service. School officials say they are being charged too much for water from a mismanaged utility, while the city contends that it needs money to cover millions of dollars in needed repairs to water and sewer treatment systems.
Beyond the political and financial tussle, the situation illustrates the struggles facing the small Texas border towns that operate the treatment plants that supply drinking water and clean up wastewater.
"Basically, it's planning and lack of money, and lack of management," said Carlos Acevedo, a senior project manager for the Border Environment Cooperation Commission, a binational agency charged with improving environmental conditions along the U.S.-Mexico border.
Towns like La Villa, with fewer than 2,000 people, often have high turnover rates in city and utility leadership positions. Between one project and the next, management may have changed -- along with the politics of the situation. Acevedo said the BECC has tried for years to persuade La Villa and its neighboring towns, Elsa and Edcouch, to connect their water and wastewater plants into one system, but local politics and changing players got in the way. The towns even argued over where the regional facilities should be located.
"If they don't want to participate in a joint effort, we can do nothing," Acevedo said.
La Villa City Manager Wilfredo Mata, who has been on the job for a year, doesn't disagree that the city suffers from serious infrastructure problems. But regionalization wont solve the cost issue, he said.
"It's still going to cost the same amount of dollars, and were still going to pay it," Mata said. "You have an aging, antiquated system thats going to need a substantial amount of money to repair and replace."
Excerpt from:
Border Towns Struggle To Protect Water Infrastructure
DARLINGTON Bacterial levels in Black Creek continue to remain at safe levels, according to data from analyzed water samples collected by members of the Black Creek Land Trust.
The nonprofit environmental group that advocates for the waterway has continued monthly monitoring on the main stem of Black Creek to help clean its reputation after a Department of Health and Environmental Control report found the waterway impaired because of fecal coliform.
Since September 2012, the group has taken approximately 275 samples from 16 stations on the main stem of Black Creek that flows from the headwaters of Lake Robinson in Darlington County into the Great Pee Dee River in Florence County.
On July 2, 2013, samples at six sampling stations showed elevated bacterial levels after consistently heavy rains that the group thinks led to storm water discharges and contamination from other sources. Before then, only one sample had been over the regulatory limit.
For Black Creek Land Trust Secretary and Treasurer Jay James, that information wasnt too surprising because of the summers record-setting rains increasing runoff that flows into the waterway. But James said the monitoring data continues to be encouraging.
I think you can tell people who are interested in recreation on Black Creek that involves direct contract with the water, that in most cases it is going to be safe, James said. But after major rainfall events you may want to wait a day or two.
The group has discontinued its monitoring of the Lake Robinson headwaters and below the lakes dam, where samples have shown that bacterial levels were almost non-detectable.
Fecal coliform is used as an indicator of the possible presence of other harmful pathogens in the water that may cause some waterborne pathogenic disease such as ear infections, dysentery, typhoid fever, viral and bacterial gastroenteritis and hepatitis A.
The group also began monitoring for E. coli last February.
In October, efforts to pinpoint problem areas were stepped up and the group added two monitoring stations on Swift Creek, which flows through the City of Darlington and into Black Creek. The added Spring Street remains within range, but the Phillips Street location had exceeded limits in October.
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Black Creek bacteria at safe levels
Singer Michael Martin Murpheys idea for a concert series at The Riverside Hotels Sapphire Room didnt quite begin as a wildfire. It was more like a spark.
Two weeks earlier, Murphey had never heard of the place. He was just stopping in Boise to see his friend, country singer-songwriter Andy Byron, while passing through to visit his mother in Oregon. But Byron was excited. He talked Murphey into performing, then hastily arranged two shows at the intimate Sapphire Room. To the mens surprise, both sold out.
He was knocked out by it, Byron says. Over lunch Downtown the next day, ideas slowly began galloping like that mystical horse Murphey rode to the top of the charts back in 1975.
He looked across the table at me, Byron recalls, and he says, You need to start a music series over at that place. You need to call it Andy Byrons Americana Music Series. You need to bring in acts like me its a perfect room for that type of thing.
And he says, Theres going to be tons of acts like me that need to fill dates. Its a perfect thing to do on the weeknights. And it would be a great venue for them.
Aside from working with Murphey, Byron had never promoted a concert. But hes taking the leap. The series is a welcome addition to Boises concert scene, particularly for fans who crave an intimate room dedicated to the dying art of appreciating live performance. Here are the initial acts (with tickets available at americanamusicseries.net):
Country singer Suzy Bogguss, Feb. 26 and 27 (Someday Soon, Outbound Plane, Drive South).
Country singer and soft-rocker Michael Johnson, March 12 (Bluer Than Blue, This Night Wont Last Forever).
Country-tinged Irish-American group Solas, April 1 and 2 (who broke out in the mid-1990s with help from NPRs A Prairie Home Companion).
Singer-songwriter Karla Bonoff, April 9 and 10 (who wrote Bonnie Raitts Home and Linda Ronstadts Someone to Lay Down Beside Me, as well as landing her own hit in 1982 with Personally).
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Deeds: Sapphire Room blossoms with Americana series
Tom Graham lit up the room when he walked into the first Newburyport indoor track meeting this season.
With his attendance, Graham effectively committed to changing winter sports from basketball to indoor track for his junior season. It came as welcome news to the Newburyport coaches and athletes. After all, Graham set the school record in the 400 meters (50.01) last outdoor season.
He showed up, and we all had smiles on our faces, Newburyport coach Tim Foley said. We cant wait to see how hell do in the championship season.
Graham has already made a lasting impression through the first nine dual meets, all of which have resulted in Newburyport victories.
He set a school indoor record in the 600 (1:24.97), smashing the previous record set in 2011 by John Stansel, who is now running at Bates College.
Growing up, I always noticed I was a little quicker than everybody else, Graham said. Orginally, I figured track would be good training for other sports. Once I found that I was pretty gifted, I was more interested and serious.
Graham is training with the distance runners this winter under coach Don Hennigar in hopes of expanding his repertoire.
Foley says that Grahams training has made him more versatile and valuable to the three-time defending Division 4 state champions.
He has Gods gifts, Foley said.
Hes working with Donnys group, and now he can run anything from the 100 to the mile. He can also clear 5-10 in the high jump. We use him wherever we need him.
ESCONDIDO Two Escondido restaurants destroyed by fire in October 2012 are making comebacks.
Spires reopened Dec. 9 as J & M's Family Restaurant in the Vallarta Plaza, and construction crews broke ground Dec. 30 on a rebuild of the McDonald's at Ash Street and Valley Parkway. City officials say the new McDonald's is expected to open in late April.
Joe Goncalves, who ran Spires from the day it opened in 1987 until the fire 15 months ago, said Thursday that he's gotten an overwhelming response to the new restaurant.
"It's been crazy," he said, noting that many loyal customers laid flowers and plants outside to welcome him back. "I brought most of the workers back, which has helped."
Goncalves said the new restaurant is more modern and larger, with 166 seats instead of the 150 at Spires.
Construction was delayed several months, he said, when federal officials raised concerns about the restaurant's presence in a flood plain.
"We had to take the whole foundation out and start over," he said.
Goncalves said the two restaurants and a Walmart grocery store expected to open Jan. 29 will bring new momentum to Escondido's East Valley. The 45,000-square-foot grocery store will be a companion to a 96,000 Walmart general merchandise store that opened last September.
City officials said the McDonald's has been delayed by approvals needed from the state Department of Transportation, which is involved because Ash Street is officially designated as state Route 78 near the restaurant.
Many local residents were saddened when fire destroyed the restaurant, which was inland North Countys first McDonalds when it opened in 1964.
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Burnt restaurants making comebacks
