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The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nationsthe United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal[1]regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first arms control conference in history, and as Kaufman, 1990 shows, it is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement.

Held at Memorial Continental Hall in downtown Washington,[2] it resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty), the Nine-Power Treaty, and a number of smaller agreements. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II.

The world's popular mood was peace and disarmament throughout the 1920s. Women had just won the right to vote in many countries, and they helped convince politicians that money could be saved, votes won, and future wars avoided by stopping the arms race.[3] At the end of the Great War, Britain still had the largest navy afloat but its big ships were becoming obsolescent, and the Americans and Japanese were rapidly building expensive new warships. Britain and Japan were allies in a treaty that was due to expire in 1922. Although there were no immediate dangers, observers increasingly pointed to the American-Japanese rivalry for control of the Pacific Ocean as a long-term threat to world peace. By this time, the British realized it had best cast its lot with Washington rather than Tokyo. To stop a needless, expensive and possibly dangerous arms race, the major countries signed a series of naval disarmament agreements.[4]

The American delegation, led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, included Elihu Root, Henry Cabot Lodge and Oscar Underwood,[5] the Democratic minority leader in the Senate. The primary objective of the conference was to restrain Japanese naval expansion in the waters of the west Pacific, especially with regard to fortifications on strategically valuable islands. Their secondary objectives were intended to ultimately limit Japanese expansion, but also to alleviate concerns over possible antagonism with the British. They were: first, to eliminate Anglo-American tension by abrogating the Anglo-Japanese alliance; second, to agree upon a favorable naval ratio vis--vis Japan; and, third, to have the Japanese officially accept a continuation of the Open Door Policy in China.

The British, however, took a more cautious and tempered approach. Indeed, British officials brought certain general desires to the conferenceto achieve peace and stability in the western Pacific, avoid a naval arms race with the United States, thwart Japanese encroachment into areas under their influence, and preserve the security of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dominion countriesbut they did not enter the conference with a specific laundry list of demands; rather, they brought with them a vague vision of what the western Pacific should look like after an agreement.

Japanese officials were more focused on specifics than the British, and approached the conference with two primary goals: first, to sign a naval treaty with Britain and the United States, and, secondly, to obtain official recognition of Japans special interests in Manchuria and Mongolia. Japanese officials also brought other issues to the conferencea strong demand that they remain in control of Yap, Siberia, and Tsingtao, as well as more general concerns about the growing presence of American fleets in the Pacific.

The American hand was strengthened by the interception and decryption of secret instructions from the Japanese government to its delegation. The message revealed the lowest naval ratio that would be acceptable to Tokyo; U.S. negotiators used this knowledge to push the Japanese to it. This success, one of the first in the U.S. government's budding eavesdropping and cryptology efforts, led eventually to the growth of such agencies.[2]

The Washington Conference was called by President Warren Harding and run by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes. Harding demanded action in order to gain domestic political credit. Hugheshelped by the cryptographers who were reading the Japanese diplomatic secretsbrilliantly engineered a deal that everyone thought best for themselves.[6] To resolve technical disputes about the quality of warships, the conferees adopted a quantitative standard, based on tonnage displacement (a simple measure of the size of a ship.) A ten-year agreement fixed the ratio of battleships at 5:5:3that is 525,000 tons for the USA, 525,000 tons for Britain, and 315,000 tons for Japan. Smaller limits with a ratio of 1.7 applied to France and Italy.[7] The dominant weapons systems of the erabattleshipscould be no larger than 35,000 tons. The major powers allowed themselves 135,000:135,000:81,000 tons for the newfangled aircraft carriers. The Washington Conference exactly captured the worldwide popular demand for peace and disarmament; without it, the US, Britain and Japan would have engaged in an expensive buildup, with each worried the other two might be getting too powerful. The agreements forced the US to scrap 15 old battleships and 2 new ones, along with 13 ships under construction.

The naval treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924.[8] Japan agreed to revert Shandong to Chinese control by an agreement concluded on February 4, 1922. Ratifications of that agreement were exchanged in Beijing on June 2, 1922, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 7, 1922.[9][10]

The Washington Naval Treaty led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets and those few ships that were built were limited in size and armament. Numbers of existing capital ships were scrapped. Some ships under construction were turned into aircraft carriers instead.

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Washington Naval Conference - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Marble and Granite countertops Great Neck,NY
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Countertops drying after being resurfaced..
Countertops drying after being resurfaced in a Beach Sand color and texture. Clear coat will be added after it dries.

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Orange, CA (PRWEB) December 01, 2014

M S International, Inc. (MSI) is pleased to announce the release of their latest visualizer tool to allow customers to envision a variety of natural stone ledger panel installations. This new tool can be previewed through this link. Ledger panels are easy to install, durable, available in a wide array of colors and textures and are an excellent option for both interior and exterior vertical surfaces, adding depth and distinction to any project. Ranging in tone from whites through charcoals, and everything in between, there is a color available to suit any design taste.

MSIs Ledger Panel Visualizer is a web-based application that works on any desktop computer and is an excellent tool for tablets and mobile devices. It allows users to select from two different installations and 17 different colors. From traditional to contemporary, customers can quickly visualize how different stacked stone choices will complement their designs.

Rupesh Shah, President of M S International, Inc. states Our suite of visualizing tools have proven to be invaluable to our retail and interior designers, and to their valued clients. These tools were designed to help with the decision-making process and to help streamline the sales process. As we move forward, we will continue in these efforts and appreciate feedback from our partners on the functionality of the Ledger Panel Visualizing Tool, the Kitchen Visualizer, the Countertop Edge Visualizer, and our new Kitchen Visualizer for iPad and iPhone.

Retailers and designers are encouraged to place the Ledger Panel Visualizer tool, and MSIs other visualizing tools, on their website free of charge by visiting: http://www.msistone.com/room-scene-visualizer-register. The website installation process is easy; your customers can quickly utilize the tools to explore their design options. With the wide variety of color and styles available, customers can be encouraged to engage with the tool prior to coming into your retail location to get a feel for their top choices.

About M S International, Inc. - Founded in 1975, MSI is a leading nationwide distributor of flooring, countertop, wall tile and hardscaping products. Headquartered in Orange, California, MSI also maintains distribution centers across the United States and Canada. MSI's product line includes natural stone products imported from over 36 countries on six continents. In addition, MSI carries an extensive offering of porcelain, ceramic, glass and quartz products. The company maintains an inventory of over 75 million square feet. For more information on MSI, visit msistone.com.

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M S International, Inc. Announces Release Of New Ledger Panel Visualizer Tool

Allen Carpet and Renova Flooring Set New Benchmark for Discount Name Brand Carpet, Fast Free Estimates and Next-Day-Install

With Discount Name Brand Carpet and Fast Free Estimates Allen Carpet continues to set a new benchmark for Allen Carpets quality products and services. The Discount Name Brand Carpet & Flooring, Next Day Carpet and Flooring area in Allen includes all the surrounding areas in the Dallas Fort-Worth region such as Allen, McKinney, Plano, Frisco, Denton, The Colony, Lewisville, Richardson, Arlington, Irving, Grand Prairie and many more.

Allen Carpet, part of the Renova Flooring network, works with residential, commercial and multifamily clients providing professionally installed products, including carpet, carpet tile, hardwood flooring, laminate flooring, tile flooring, vinyl and wood look vinyl. Allen Carpet and Renova offers discounts on name brand products such as Shaw, Mohawk, Armstrong and more. Renova also provides beautiful kitchen and bath remodeling and upgrades. Allen Carpet and Renova Floorings growth and expansion of the Next Day Carpet & Flooring will allow residents to have a convenient Shop at Home experience, great prices and a professional option for updating their homes. Business owners in this area can also look to Renova for Next Day Carpet & Flooring commercial services dedicated to installations in commercial and retail spaces.

An Allen Carpet and Renova spokesperson stated, "Were excited about the expansion of our Allen team and services. Its great to be able to offer our 'Next Day Carpet & Flooring' solutions to even more residents in the Allen area. We look forward to further growth with our convenient shop-at-home process, free estimates, name-brand products and professional installation. The growth of our Discount Name Brand Carpet & Flooring and Next Day Carpet & Flooring is part of our strategic growth plan for products and services in the region. Allen Carpet and Renova Floorings unique approach, deep industry experience and quality service positions us well ahead of our competitors and we look forward to continued growth as we service the needs of homeowners and businesses."

Industry Pioneer - Setting a New Benchmark Allen Carpet & Renova Flooring are Industry Pioneer of a Next Day Carpet & Flooring value added approach that offers quality workmanship and innovative products and services that have been designed to provide Optimal Value and the Best Possible Return On Investment. Its the very reason Renova has risen to become one of the fastest-growing flooring companies in the nation.

Quality Workmanship & Value Engineering Renova provides partners and clients with quality workmanship and innovative products and services that have been designed to provide optimum value and the best possible return on investment. We do this with the utmost integrity and a commitment to excellence.

Full Warranty Renova provides professional installation, a product warranty and a comprehensive warranty on our workmanship.

To find out why Allen Carpet & Renova Flooring have become an industry leader and to see how we can add value to your home or business, please contact us for further information:

Allen Carpet Tel. 469-270-6090 http://www.allen-carpet.com info@renova-flooring.com

Renova Flooring Tel. 888-777-0991 info@renova-flooring.com http://www.Renova-flooring.com

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The following information is provided by the Newtown Township Police Department:

Thursday Nov. 20

ATTEMPTED THEFT FROM AUTO >> 1000 block of Drew Dr. reported at 9:32 a.m. Complainant reports that sometime overnight, unknown person(s) entered the unlocked vehicles and rummaged through them. Nothing reported missing at this time.

THEFT FROM VEHICLE >> 1000 block of Houston Road reported at 10:48 a.m. Complainant reports that sometime overnight, unknown person(s) entered the unlocked vehicle and removed a coat and money. Approximate value $155.

THEFT FROM VEHICLE >> Unit block of Scammel Drive reported at 5:26 p.m. Complainant reports that sometime overnight, unknown person(s) entered the unlocked vehicle and removed $5 in change.

Wednesday, Nov. 19

ATTEMPTED BURGLARY >> 1000 block of N. Kimbles Road. reported at 12:40 p.m. Complainant reports receiving a call from the alarm company of an activation at the residence. Unknown person(s) attempted to force the front door open. Nothing reported missing at this time.

SOLICITORS >> 1600 block of Hunters Court reported at 5:51 p.m. Complainant reports someone soliciting for impact remodeling without a permit. He was warned by police to obtain a permit.

CRIMINAL MISCHIEF >> 2000 block of Silverwood Dr. reported at 9 a.m. Complainant reports that sometime overnight, unknown person(s) smashed the mailbox. Approximate value $250.

Tuesday, Nov. 18 Continued...

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Long Island Kitchen Cabinets - Long Island Cabinet Refacing - Kitchen Remodeling
Long island Keystone Kitchen Cabinets Cabinet Refacing Company Let us plan, design provide new kitchen cabinets or new doors and drawers for your new kit...

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Architects | Live at the SM Skydome
PULP Live World and 28 Black proudly invites you to welcome Sam Carter, Tom and Dan Searle, and Alex Dean as they make their Philippine debut on February 7, ...

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Why Hairdressers Should Be Like Architects
Subscribe! It #39;s Free! Ben tells us about his frustration with getting his hair cut. Also check out my main channel Etcha! http://www.youtube.com/humanetcha Snapchat: thewordassassin Facebook: https://ww...

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The drive for public sector organisations to become more citizen-centred with increased flexibility in delivery models must be balanced with the architectural discipline to re-use, share, and consume commoncomponents wherever possible. This as called an open architecture approach.

The application of open, platform-based thinking to the public sector provides a powerful means of underpinning the technological aspects of a modern, digital public service. Service providers adoption of open architectures standardised ways of doing things enables them to take greater advantage of consumption models of downstream service delivery. Such models are usually both cheaper and more flexible, and involve the assembly of user-centred services from increasingly standard components across a common platform based on commonly shared open standards:

A platform is a set of common components, assembly methods or technologies that serve as building blocks for a portfolio of products or services. Platform innovation involves exploiting the power of commonality - using modularity to create a diverse set of derivative offerings more quickly and cheaply than if they were stand-alone items.

Platforms exist in a variety of industries and the notion of a platform has been used in a range of contexts and there has been a typology of platforms proposed.

First, internal platforms, conceived as a set of subsystems and interfaces internal to the organisation that have been intentionally planned and developed to form a common structure from which a stream of derivative products can be efficiently developed and produced for example, Sonys Walkman, HPs modular printer components, Rolls-Royces family of engines - saving fixed costs, benefiting from component re-use, and enabling flexibility.

Second, supply-chain platforms that seek to replicate these benefits across interfaces among different organisations within a supply chain - most notably, the automotive industry. For example, the Renault-Nissan alliance developed a common platform for the Renault Clio and the Nissan Micra.

Third, industry platforms - products, services or technologies that are developed by one or several firms, and which serve as foundations upon which other firms can build complementary products, services or technologies, such as Apples iPad and iPhone, the internet, payment cards, fuel cell automotive technology, and some genomic technologies.

Encouraging new thinking and overcoming entrenched cultural barriers to the emergence and adoption of open platforms within the UK public sector remains a significant challenge. As an illustration of how difficult this can be, consider the differences between the two depictions below of the open stack, developed by one of the authors in 2011 to explain the architectural and cultural change needed to bring about the open platform dynamic. It shows that there are various interrelated aspects that the public sector needs to address simultaneously:

Figure 1 (A and B): open stack: a mix of behaviours underpinned by technology

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Balancing agility and efficiency: Open architecture and platforms in government