Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.[1] Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications.[2] The word derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes.[3]

In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to public health and sanitation.[4][5] Boilermakers and pipefitters are not plumbers, although they work with piping as part of their trade, but their work can include some plumbing.

Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal, for larger numbers of people.[6] Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 BC.[7] The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft.The word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.[8] The Latin for lead is plumbum. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[9] and some were also covered with lead, lead was also used for piping and for making baths.[10]

Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts, tile wastewater removal, and widespread use of lead pipes. With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnatedor regressedfor well over 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period, public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control epidemics of disease. Earlier, the waste disposal system had merely consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.

Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use, galvanized iron piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then with rigid copper tubing utilizing soldered fittings.

The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.[11]

The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:[12]

A water pipe is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal,[a] that carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building.

For many centuries, lead was the favoured material for water pipes, because its malleability made it practical to work into the desired shape. (Such use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from plumbum, the Latin word for lead.) This was a source of lead-related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality. Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century, and remain in many households. In addition, lead-tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin-antimony alloy solder instead, in order to eliminate lead hazards.[13]

Despite the Romans' common use of lead pipes, their aqueducts rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much calcium in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water.[14] This was an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink, for example as a preservative in wine.[15] Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft.

Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed-out logs, which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through.[16] The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. They were often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s, and built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the USA during the 20th century. These pipes, used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes, were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants.

Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower-cost alternative to copper, before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes, except for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).[17]

Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.[18]

The difference between pipes and tubes is simply in the way it is sized. PVC pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe for instance, are measured in IPS (iron pipe size). Copper tube, CPVC, PeX and other tubing is measured nominally, which is basically an average diameter. These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For instance, 1/2" PeX tubing is the same size as 1/2" copper tubing. 1/2" PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1/2" tubing, and therefore requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them. When used in agricultural irrigation, the singular form "pipe" is often used as a plural.[19]

Pipe is available in rigid "joints", which come in various lengths depending on the material. Tubing, in particular copper, comes in rigid hard tempered "joints" or soft tempered (annealed) rolls. PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid "joints" or flexible rolls. The temper of the copper, that is whether it is a rigid "joint" or flexible roll, does not affect the sizing.[19]

The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary. Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR), defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness. Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressures commanding greater thickness. Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses: type DWV (thinnest wall; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code), type 'L' (thicker, standard duty for water lines and water service), and type 'K' (thickest, typically used underground between the main and the meter). Because piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost. Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances.

Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size.[20] 1/2" L copper has the same outer diameter as 1/2" K or M copper. The same applies to pipe schedules. As a result, a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased. In other words, 1 foot of 1/2" L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1/2 M copper.[citation needed]

Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s. Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil")[21] out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.[21]

The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes". A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding. These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article.

Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from 38 inch (9.5mm) to 2 inches (51mm). It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known simply as "galv" or "iron" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader. It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications. It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse. Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas.

Most typical single family home systems won't require supply piping larger than 34 inch (19mm) due to expense as well as steel piping's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded. In potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.

Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century. Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper, resulting in increased demand for alternative products including PEX and stainless steel.

Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe. Principal types include:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe. The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.

Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper,[25] brass, plastic (particularly cross-linked polyethylene called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes[26]), or other nontoxic material. Due to its toxicity, most cities moved away from lead water-supply piping by the 1920s in the United States,[27] although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s,[28] and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986.[27] Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, or lead.[29][30]

A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high pressure-water and is relatively small

Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection.

In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings are used in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions.[31] Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping.

Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices using water that can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or maintained separately. Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets[32] (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

Threaded pipe joints are sealed with thread seal tape or pipe dope. Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with plumber's putty.[33]

Plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes water meters, pumps, expansion tanks, back flow preventers, water filters, UV sterilization lights, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.

There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job. While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools, other more complex jobs require specialised tools, designed specifically to make the job easier.

Specialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches, flaring pliers, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, dies, and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools. New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems, they use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement.

Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment, such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage.[citation needed]

Bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". The latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility".[34] Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera, however "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently; Legionella pneumophila discovered in 1976, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with.[35]These opportunistic pathogens can grow for example in faucets, shower heads, water heaters and along pipe walls. Reasons that favor their growth are "high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and warming cycles". A high surface-to-volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm, which protects them from disinfection.[35]

Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom the professional body is the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned;[36] there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly; see Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Plumbing Council (WPC).[37][38] WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing.[39]

In the United States, plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines about what constitutes lead-free plumbing fittings and pipes, in order to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act.[40]

Some widely used Standards in the United States are:[citation needed]

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Plumbing - Wikipedia

In some ways, plumbing systems remain the same as they have for thousands of years: water flowing through pipes to provide our homes with clean water for drinking and bathing. That means a good plumber always needs the same skills: a set of tools and a little elbow grease. But in other ways, plumbing has evolved to meet the needs of the 21st century, with water treatment systems, water heaters, garbage disposals and other appliances now an integral part of most home plumbing systems.

Since 1987, the professionals at Doug Turner Plumbing CO. have offered the right combination of modern experience and good old-fashioned work ethics to solve all manner of plumbing and water treatment system issues throughout the Sugar Land, TX area. All of our plumbers are licensed and certified, and we provide installation, maintenance, repair, and replacement services for a wide array of plumbing systems. Call us today for services you can depend on!

Doug and Nancy Turner are hands on business owners who founded the company in 1987.

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Plumber

Residential plumber at work.

Activity sectors

A plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems. The term dates from ancient times and is related to the Latin word for lead, "plumbum".[1][2]

The word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.[3] The Latin for lead is plumbum. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[4] and some were also covered with lead, lead was also used for piping and for making baths.[5] In medieval times anyone who worked with lead was referred to as a plumber as can be seen from an extract of workmen fixing a roof in Westminster Palace and were referred to as plumbers "To Gilbert de Westminster, plumber, working about the roof of the pantry of the little hall, covering it with lead, and about various defects in the roof of the little hall".[6] Thus a person with expertise in working with lead was first known as a Plumbarius which was later shortened to plumber.

Years of training and/or experience are needed to become a skilled plumber; some jurisdictions also require that plumbers be licensed.

Some needed skills, interests, and values. Protecting health and welfare of the nation is the top priority of a plumber along with,

Each state and locality may have its own licensing and taxing schemes for plumbers. There is no federal law establishing licenses for plumbers.[7]

In Canada, licensing requirements differ by province, however the provinces have pooled resources to develop an Interprovincial Program Guide that developed and maintains apprenticeship training standards across all provinces. The result is what is known as the Interprovincial Standards Red Seal Program.

National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) remained the main form of plumbing qualification until they were superseded in 2008 by the Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF)[8] and then again into the National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom in 2015. The terms NVQ and SVQ (Scottish Vocational Qualification) are still widely used[9].

Plumbers in the United Kingdom are required to pass Level 2 and Level 3 vocational requirements of the City and Guilds of London Institute. There are several regulatory bodies in the United Kingdom providing accredited plumbing qualifications, including City and Guilds of London Institute and Pearson PLC [10].

Plumbers in Australia have licensing requirements that differ from state to state but it is generally accepted a 4-year apprenticeship with a further minimum experience of 2 years (6 years total) and a further curricular requirement as a benchmark for licensing. Licensed plumbers are also expected to maintain minimum relevant training requirements to maintain their plumbing license

The term "White House Plumbers" was a popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established on July 24, 1971 during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Their job was to plug intelligence "leaks" in the U.S. Government relating to the Vietnam War (i.e. the Pentagon Papers); hence the term "plumbers".[11]

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Plumber - Wikipedia

Buffalo Plumbing

The charming city of Buffalo, New York, offers everything from natural attractions to a vibrant arts scene. Just 20 minutes away from Niagara Falls, the region boasts unparalleled natural beauty. Its northern location also makes it a thriving winter destination, with many seasonal attractions that take advantage of the cool, snowy climate. No matter how much DIY knowledge homeowners may have, it's a safe bet that they will require the services of a professional plumber at some point.

Buffalo's plumbers can do everything from fixing a leaky faucet to installing a new water heater. Residents of the "City of Good Neighbors" must be particularly vigilant about keeping the plumbing in good shape, especially during the frigid winter months. Always use a licensed, insured plumber to be sure that the job gets done correctly and efficiently.

Downtown Buffalo has become a desirable spot for millennials and young professionals, thanks to the variety of apartments, converted warehouses, and lofts. From the hip downtown area to family-friendly suburbs, Buffalo plumbers serve a wide area, including six of the city's most popular neighborhoods:

Keeping a home's plumbing in good repair is an essential task, especially in the cold, snowy climate of Buffalo. Avoid frozen pipes and winter disasters by hiring a knowledgeable, experienced plumber to perform all the necessary repairs or upgrades to the existing plumbing system.

Plumbing costs typically vary depending on the size and scope of the project. For example, some smaller tasks, such as repairing a toilet, costs approximately $194, while cleaning a septic tank costs an average of $372. The following table lists other common plumbing tasks and compares Buffalo's average prices with the national average.

Task Type

National Average Price

Buffalo's Average Price

Hiring a plumber

$280

$313

Repairing a clogged drain

$199

$265

Repairing a water heater

$482

$486

Repairing a sump pump

$455

$448

Installing a water heater

$888

$821

Installing new plumbing pipes

$1,182

$575

Installing a bathtub

$2,832

$4,816

As the above table demonstrates, homeowners in Buffalo can expect to payer slightly higher than average prices for many common plumbing tasks, although tasks such as installing new pipes may be significantly less expensive.

Buffalo plumbers are required to have a license after completing an apprenticeship and all required educational training. There are two license types: journeyman plumber and master plumber. Becoming licensed requires experience, training, and the completion of the appropriate applications. Fees include an exam fee of approximately $21. After passing the test, applicants must pay $126 for a license that must be renewed every 2 years.

Journeyman plumbers These plumbers work as employees in a plumbing operation. To qualify for the exam, applicants must have at least 5 years of full-time experience working under the supervision of a master plumber, or have a combination of approved training and experience.

Master plumbers These plumbers typically own a plumbing business and are the principal plumbers in the operation. To apply for this license, the applicant must work as a journeyman plumber for a minimum of 6,000 hours under the supervision of a licensed master plumber.

Like other contractors, plumbers in Buffalo must have general liability insurance and worker's compensation. The Plumbers & Steamfitters Local 22, a plumber's union, can help connect prospective plumbers with apprenticeship programs and training opportunities. Members of the union perform a variety of plumbing jobs including:

Keeping a home's plumbing up to date and in good working order gives that home a competitive edge. Homebuyers and renters in Buffalo expect plumbing to be trouble free. Performing routine maintenance and keeping up with necessary repairs and updates can help prevent catastrophic problems and enhance the home's appeal. Licensed, experienced plumbers can accomplish everything from repairing clogged toilets and cleaning sewer systems to installing new pipes and fixtures.

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25 Best Plumbers - Buffalo NY - HomeAdvisor

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I came home from the studio, pulled my car in backwards and noticed a bunch of water falling off of my garage door. First Thought: Woah Did it Rain? Second Thought: Uh Oh. I called a plumber that's been to my house before, after I called and texted my brother a million times, and with the help of an iPhone, pictures, video and my brother, we got the water to stop flooding my garage. Unfortunately my previous plumber was booked up for 6 days - so I asked for a referral and he gave me Aaron's name, number and told me he was a really good guy. So I called Aaron.Not only was he incredibly nice, but he coordinated with me and came out within just 3 hours of our conversation. He installed the entire unit by himself, handled the gas and the water, hauled out my old water heater, cleaned up all of his tools and equipment and also looked at my bathroom sink. My hair likes to shed.Just overall a freaking incredible experience. If you need help, want a very professional and friendly plumber who communicates thoroughly - give Aaron a call. Just a complete rock star and you won't regret it.Shower Time!

I built an outdoor shower and CA plumbing came to do the final hook up. Everything was as it should be: on time, prepared, professional, pre-agreed on price and excellent workmanship.Gentleman was done quickly and tested his work. I will only use them in the future.Bathroom remodel is next.

I have used California Plumbing on a number of jobs including retail, ground-up multifamily, and residential. Their ability to accomplish the task at hand, along with there attention to detail, professionalism, and competitive pricing is what sets them apart from the rest. Aaron Hall is an intelligent business owner that understands the importance of honesty and integrity. Great company all around.

Working in the Real Estate industry, I frequently need a good plumber to refer to our clients. Aaron's availability is incredible, his reports are thorough and he is easy to reach by phone for any questions and clarification. His professionalism is remarkable and I'm happy to dial his number for any of my personal or business plumbing needs. He's our go to plumber now.

These guys are consummate professionals. Had a gas leak at the house and after the city shut it off (and said "good luck")Aaron and his crew were there within hours. They took care of everything. Permits, scheduling inspections, calling SDGE to get the gas back on, everything. Nestor and Jaime were friendly and well versed in all aspects plumbing. These guys are my new plumber. Added bonus: clean trucks, clean uniforms, extra careful to keep a clean worksite.

Aaron and his crew saved the day! I had a different plumber come first and he cost me hundreds of dollars in electric and plumbing parts that i did NOT need! I should have called Aaron first! He completely fixed the problem I was having at my salon. They are knowledgeable, friendly, prompt! They assisted me early in the morning to accommodate for my customers later in the day. Thank you so much!!!

If you are in need of a great plumber, than give California Plumbing a call. Aaron and his crew are the best plumbing group I have ever come into contact with. He really puts customer service and customer satisfaction as a top priority which is hard to find in Companies now a days. Their response time is quick, they show up when they say they will, and they are very knowledgeable in their line of work. I was adding a addition to my home and moving my whole kitchen and my drain was going to be below my existing drain pipe in my island. Aaron and his crew worked hard and solved the problem that needed to be done. He showed up when it was time for the city inspection to make sure all was good. There is no doubt in my mind that if a plumbing issue comes up I will only be calling California Plumbing. Best service, best price. Thank you Aaron and your whole staff who helped on my project!

These guys are honest & straight forward. I called first thing in the morning and was told they could get to me that same morning. The service person ( Jaime) called and let me know he would be arriving a half an hour ahead of time. He fixed my issue ( removing a stuck tub drain ring) right away. He took the extra step of looking underneath the house to make sure everything was draining okay. He was super courteous and professional, cleaning up the work area afterwards. No upsells. They stuck to the program and earned a loyal customer. AAA+

Been struggling with low water pressure since we moved in. Finally decided to buy a booster pump. Got in touch with Aaron who helped out with selecting a good model and set up a consultation for install. One of his guys came by and diagnosed he underlying problem was with our beotron water filter. Saved me a bunch of cash and found an issue that 2 other plumbers had no idea about. Thanks so much, guys!

About a month ago , I had to replace the water heater and get a few quotes but the price was to much , so i went to yelp to get a the service that i need it and i wasn't dissapointed california plumbing was reasonable and fair with the price and they make a marvelous job satisfying the customer and they were fast too, if the employees of this company are as nice as ben they probably have the best business in san diego or they will get there .thankyou guys , I'll keep using your services on the future.

These guys are awesome I had two plumbers out one that was here for literally 2 hours both separate company's said oh we can't get it maybe you have a broken line mind you it was a clogged bath tub I called up Aaron they showed up on time and I'm not kidding you the dude was here for 10 min and cleared the line yes thank you Jesus I highly recommend these guys and we will be using them on our coming up projects !

Extremely easy going and knowledgeable crew. Work with these guys once and they'll become your go-to plumbing crew for jobs big and small. Give them a buzz - you won't be disappointed!!

I have been using Aaron and California Plumbing for a while and every time I am more impressed. Jaime and Aaron have completely re-piped one of my apartment buildings and have replaced old cracked cast iron pipes in my house. Every time they are professional and on time. I would use anyone else. California Plumbing is my go to crew if I need anything done when it comes to plumbing. You should hesitate to give them a call they will get it done on time and with quality work.

I sent a message on Yelp after hours and Aaron got back to me right at 7AM the next day for a same day appointment! We had some time conflicts and ended up having to reschedule for the day after, but Jaime arrived at our house promptly and was able to get hot water back to our previously unused guest shower and master bathtub without any fuss. Prices were fair ($92 an hour plus the price of parts), the job was done quickly, and everyone I spoke to was professional and very friendly. My only gripe is that in my original message I had mentioned I was missing a screw for one of my fixtures, which I reminded Jaime about once he got here, yet he was unable to replace it because he didn't have a proper replacement in the truck, nor did he tell me exactly what size/thread/etc of screw to go out and buy. Jaime did offer to put a sealant on the hole as a temporary fix, but it didn't cover the entirety of the exposed area. So although I now have hot water, I won't be able to use it until I find a replacement screw, lest I want water to drip into my wall.Editing my initial review to say that Jaime came back ASAP to not only replace the screw but also touch up the sealant around my faucets after I voiced my concern about it free of charge. You can definitely tell that customer satisfaction is one of their top priorities. I'd recommend these guys to anyone!

Fast and efficient! These guys called to tell me they could even come SOONER than expected. In and out in under an hour with a full toilet re-set and seal.

We needed a plumber out to our house immediately after we were woken up to a flooded home after a pipe seemed to have burst under our kitchen sink. Aaron responded quickly and fixed the situation. The service was reasonable and Aaron was super professional. He delivered our broken parts to our house when insurance told us they needed them for evaluation. Aaron even spoke to our home owner insurance company on the phone and gave them details as to what happened so we could get the proper assessments done for the water damage our home endured. Aaron will forever be our go to plumber. We were very satisfied with his service!

As noted with other reviews, Aaron was prompt to call back and schedule a service call within the hour after I placed my call. Ben arrived on time and was courteous and knowledgeable about the issue at hand. All was done quickly and professionally which is all that I could ask for.

Benji was on right on time, explained very clearly to me what he needed to do and why to clear my plugged up kitchen drain. He had to snake my drain through my laundry room and in the process of moving things around noticed my dryer was not vented properly. Not only did he take care of my drain issue, he also fixed my dryer vent before he left. I was impressed with his professionalism, politeness and thoroughness. I will definitely call California Plumbing again and ask for Benji if I have anymore plumbing issues!Sidney H.

Very professional and prompt.They installed a new toilet and faucet for us, they couldn't find the water shut off valve but worked through the problem and finished the job.

Thank you California plumbing I have a rental property that had a pipe leak and you guys were out there immediately. I couldn't get anybody on the phone and I found you guys on yelp.$230 for 9 o'clock at night I can't believe it. Thank you Aaron five stars to you

Excerpt from:
California Plumbing - Imperial Beach, CA - Yelp

Tyler Lauletta, provided by

Mike Stobe/Getty Images

Conor McGregor is one of the most dominant fighters alive.

A two-division champion in UFC, McGregor now finds himself as the king of combat sports, living a lavish life and getting ready for the biggest fight of his career 12 rounds in a boxing ring against the undefeated Floyd "Money" Mayweather and the likely nine-figure payday that will come with it.

But while McGregor is a natural to the superstar life, it wasn't something he was born into. Coming from a working-class family from the suburbs of Dublin, McGregor found his way through childhood gyms, a stint as a plumber's apprentice, and eventual worldwide fame as the most "Notorious" fighter on the planet, and the biggest name in the UFC.

Below we take a look a McGregor's rise to the top of the world.

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Source: Bleacher Report

Source: ESPN

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How Conor McGregor went from Dublin plumber to the king of combat sports - The Advocate

Buying a pair of jeans these days is a lot different than it used to be. Sure, you can find some basic denim if thats what youre into, but theres also plenty of weird AF types of pants to choose from. Were still not over Topshops clear knee jeans (just in case you wanted to show off your kneecaps but maybe not get them wet?) or the bare butt jeans from Vetements, providing easy access to your booty at all times.

It seems as though ASOS has hopped on the bizarre jeans trend, as they recently introduced their high waisted straight leg jeans with open back and theyre exactly what they sound like. The pants have a half-moon shaped cutout in the back (with a line of fabric down the middle), pretty much guaranteeing that youll sport a stylish plumber's crack wherever you may go.

Courtesy of brand

Courtesy of brand

We have just one question about these pants. OK, scratch that, we have a lot of questions. But the biggest mystery seems to be: If were showing off our butts in our jeans now, does that mean we need butt facials? Or at least a DIY butt skin-care routine? Wait what Instagram filter looks best on the butt? Ugh, this is stressful.

Fortunately, weve already put together a guide for dealing with butt acne (AKA buttne). Some of the go-to tips recommended by dermatologists? Avoid tight-fitting clothing (especially while sweating), dont over-scrub, and rely on gentle exfoliants to keep your skin smooth and hydrated.

If youre brave enough to try these latest butt-jeans, you can snag em for$60 on ASOSs website. Of course, all butts are perfect the way they are, but if you happen to find out which Insta filter gets your booty the most likes, be sure to let us know.

More on weird AF jeans:

Now, check out these celebs with their own beauty lines:

Follow De Elizabeth on Twitter and Instagram.

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ASOS Is Selling Jeans That Give You Permanent Plumber's Butt - Allure Magazine

In the space of four short years, Conor McGregor has grown accustomed to the trappings of luxury that have accompanied his rise through the ranks of mixed martial arts.

But the 29-year-old multi-millionaire Irishman, who faces Floyd Mayweather in a cross-combat superfight on Saturday, insists he has never forgotten his humble beginnings.

Hand-to-mouth existence

Until he was discovered and signed by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 2013, McGregor was eking out a hand-to-mouth existence.

The former apprentice plumber was on the dole as he attempted to make a name for himself on the Irish mixed martial arts circuit.

Its mind-blowing. But I never forget the struggles. I never forget where I came from. I never ever forget the hard times, McGregor says.

When things were really bad I didnt have a pot to piss in. Really, nothing. Im not a stupid guy and it was hard standing in the dole queue.

McGregors life now, as he contemplates Saturdays bout with Mayweather, could not be more different.

Private jets, tailor-made suits and multi-million-dollar purses feature regularly in his life.

He owns a luxury yacht which he christened The 188 a reference to the amount of his 188 weekly benefits cheque before his career took off.

I pinch myself because I am surrounded by luxury. But make no mistake its luxury built on sacrifice, McGregor explained.

Initially, McGregors family had attempted to steer him away from fighting, encouraging him to work as a plumbers apprentice during his teens.

I hated every minute of it, McGregor recalled. You were talking 14 or 15-hour days.

I was getting ordered around, getting people their lunch, all this crap. I just thought, This life isnt for me, Im going to pack it in. Im going to chase my dreams.

Winning streak

A mixed early start to his career in Ireland was followed by an eight-fight winning streak between 2011 and 2012.

In 2013, UFC chief Dana White signed him to a multi-fight contract and the worlds dominant mixed martial arts circuit had its next star.

Go here to read the rest:
Plumber to superstar, McGregor taps into fame - The Hindu

If you're waiting longer these days to get an appointment with an electrician, plumber or carpenter, don't blame it only on summer vacations.

There's a growing shortage of these skilled workers that perform essential jobs at major construction sites and inside customers' homes. Even in a strengthening economy, more experienced and older trade workers are retiring.

Unfortunately, there aren't enough younger people poised to take their places.

That has to change because left unchecked, this could blossom into an acute skilled worker shortage that touches everyone. It will mean higher costs or delays for those building new office towers, rehabbing houses or merely dealing with annoying, everyday emergencies like clogged toilets and sinks.

Some local schools, unions and companies are working to ease the labor crunch. That's an important mission, and more organizations need to get on board.

"This could be a very large problem," says Mark Klein, co-president of Lincolnshire-based Klein Tools, which makes products for the electrical industry and electricians. "It's a huge supply and demand issue."

A recent survey of more than 600 union and nonunion electricians found that 56 percent said more experienced electricians are leaving the field, compared with 44 percent in 2015, according to an analysis of independent research commissioned by Klein.

What's more, 40 percent of those asked say they are concerned there won't be enough qualified electricians available in the coming years to meet demand.

A similar dynamic is running through plumbing, carpentry and other construction-related trades where the median worker age is over 40 years old and the need for new workers is building, according to the Washington D.C.-based National Association of Home Builders.

Why did this job crunch happen?

The Great Recession and subprime mortgage meltdown of the late 2000s and early 2010s took a toll. The economic disaster meant a loss of nearly 1.5 million construction-related jobs, with hundreds of thousand workers leaving the field for good. Many independent contractors also went out of business.

Those construction businesses that endured didn't spend much-needed cash on mentoring or recruiting new workers. Unions, which also were reeling from related economic hardships, cut back on paid apprenticeships. That kept many young people out of the trade job pipeline.

But there's another hurdle to attracting new workers: lack of exposure to the trades at an early age.

As high school shop classes and other related "build-it-yourself" experiences are being taken out of curricula, students don't get much hands-on exposure to making stuff and problem-solving.

Nor do they get a chance to envision the trades as a career option versus a four-year college degree.

We need to appreciate that some people have a talent for working with their hands and solving those daunting difficulties that come with creating and fixing things.

As someone who has a hard time switching on the snowblower and comes from a family that could repair mostly anything mechanical, I've long admired those abilities.

Lately, there's been a burgeoning effort to recruit younger people to fill these important positions. Increasingly, it's across-the-board with higher education, business and unions stepping up to do the sales pitch that says, barring other Great Recession calamities, an enduring and good-paying career is possible.

Taking part are area community colleges, including the City Colleges of Chicago. The system's Dawson Technical Institute, part of Kennedy-King College, offers programs in carpentry, plumbing, electric line work and more.

In a few weeks, the Chicago-based Plumbers Local 130 is opening a state-of-the-art training center that will expose apprentices to "real world" construction scenarios and plumbing issues. The center also will focus on how to work with "green" technology and rainwater harvesting, says James Coyne, business manager of the 6,000-member local.

For its part, Klein is investing $2 million over five years in union and business programs that develop training, scholarships and an endowment that provides tools to upcoming electricians.

This is all good but it's only a start.

More local unions, companies and educational institutions have to come to the rescue. They must push themselves to be more creative and inclusive than ever before, opening the trades further to women and minorities.

And as Plumbers Local 130 is showing, there's also a need to emphasize new ways of doing the jobs, one that offers greater rewards by stressing emerging environmental and technological advances.

At the same time, it would be great if more experienced workers, retired or not, took a while to mentor and teach students about their crafts sort of what the federal government-backed SCORE volunteer network does to advise small business owners.

Let's get going. We can't wait much longer for a new wave of electricians, plumbers and carpenters to arrive.

roreed@chicagotribune.com

Twitter @reedtribbiz

Read more from the original source:
Local unions, schools are trying to head off a trade-worker jobs crisis - Chicago Tribune