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(audio) A native speaker of Jamaican Patois speaking two sentences.

Jamaican Patois, known locally as Patois (Patwa or Patwah) and called Jamaican Creole by linguists, is an English-based creole language with West African influences (a majority of loan words of Akan origin)[3] spoken primarily in Jamaica and the Jamaican diaspora. The language developed in the 17th century, when slaves from West and Central Africa were exposed to, learned and nativized the vernacular and dialectal forms of English spoken by their masters: British English, Scots and Hiberno-English. It exhibits a gradation between more conservative creole forms and forms virtually identical to Standard English[4] (i.e. metropolitan Standard English).

Some Jamaicans themselves refer to their language as patois. The term patois comes from Old French, patois "local or regional dialect"[5] (earlier "rough, clumsy, or uncultivated speech"), possibly from the verb patoier, "to treat roughly", from pate "paw",[6] from Old Low Franconian *patta "paw, sole of the foot" + -ois, a pejorative suffix. The language sense may have arisen from the notion of a clumsy or rough manner of speaking.

Jamaican pronunciation and vocabulary are significantly different from English, despite heavy use of English words or derivatives. Jamaican Patois displays similarities to the pidgin and creole languages of West Africa, due to their common descent from the blending of African substrate languages with European languages.[citation needed]

Significant Jamaican-speaking communities exist among Jamaican expatriates in Miami, New York City, Toronto, Hartford, Washington, D.C., Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (in the Caribbean coast), also London,[7]Birmingham, Manchester, and Nottingham. A mutually intelligible variety is found in San Andrs y Providencia Islands, Colombia, brought to the island by descendants of Jamaican Maroons (escaped slaves) in the 18th century. Mesolectal forms are similar to very basilectal Belizean Kriol.

Jamaican Patois exists mostly as a spoken language. Although standard British English is used for most writing in Jamaica, Jamaican Patois has been gaining ground as a literary language for almost a hundred years. Claude McKay published his book of Jamaican poems Songs of Jamaica in 1912. Patois and English are frequently used for stylistic contrast (codeswitching) in new forms of internet writing.[8]

Accounts of basilectal Jamaican Patois postulate around 21 phonemic consonants[9] and between 9 and 16 vowels.[10]

Examples of palatalization include:[16]

Voiced stops are implosive whenever in the onset of prominent syllables (especially word-initially) so that /biit/ ('beat') is pronounced [it] and /uud/ ('good') as [ud].[9]

Before a syllabic /l/, the contrast between alveolar and velar consonants has been historically neutralized with alveolar consonants becoming velar so that the word for 'bottle' is /bakl/ and the word for 'idle' is /ail/.[17]

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Jamaican Patois - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A vacuum cleaner is a device that uses an air pump (a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest models), to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies. The dirt is collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and modelssmall battery-powered hand-held devices, wheeled canister models for home use, domestic central vacuum cleaners, huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litres of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for recovery of large spills or removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to suck up both dust and liquids.

Although "vacuum cleaner" is a neutral name, in some countries (UK, Ireland) "hoover" is used instead as a genericized trademark, after one of the first and more influential companies in the development of the device, but actually irrespective of the brand used (like kleenex for facial tissue).

The vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The first manual models, using bellows, were developed in the 1860s, and the first motorized designs appeared at the turn of the 20th century, with the first decade being the boom decade.

In 1860 a carpet sweeper was invented by Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa that gathered dust with a rotating brush and a bellows for generating suction.[1][2] Another early model (1869) was the "Whirlwind", invented in Chicago in 1868 by Ives W. McGaffey. The bulky device worked with a belt driven fan cranked by hand that made it awkward to operate, although it was commercially marketed with mixed success. [3] A similar model was constructed by Melville R. Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1876.[4] The company later added portable vacuum cleaners to its line of cleaning tools.

The next improvement came in 1898, when John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri, submitted a patent (US No. 634,042) for a "pneumatic carpet renovator". This was a gasoline powered cleaner although the dust was blown into a receptacle rather than being sucked in, as in the machine now used.[5] In a newspaper advertisement from the St. Louis Dispatch, Thurman offered his invention of the horse-drawn (which went door to door) motorized cleaning system in St. Louis. He offered cleaning services at $4 per visit. By 1906 Thurman was offering built-in central cleaning systems that used compressed air, yet featured no dust collection. In later patent litigation, Judge Augustus Hand ruled that Thurman "does not appear to have attempted to design a vacuum cleaner, or to have understood the process of vacuum cleaning".[6]

The motorized vacuum cleaner was invented by Hubert Cecil Booth of England in 1901.[5] As Booth recalled decades later, that year he attended "a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor" at the Empire Music Hall in London. The inventor is not named, but Booth's description of the machine conforms fairly closely to Thurman's design, as modified in later patents. Booth watched a demonstration of the device, which blew dust off the chairs, and thought that "...if the system could be reversed, and a filter inserted between the suction apparatus and the outside air, whereby the dust would be retained in a receptacle, the real solution of the hygienic removal of dust would be obtained."[7] He tested the idea by laying a handkerchief on the seat of a restaurant chair, putting his mouth to the handkerchief, and then trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief. Upon seeing the dust and dirt collected on the underside of the handkerchief, he realized the idea could work.

Booth created a large device,[8] driven by an internal combustion engine. Nicknamed the "Puffing Billy",[9] Booth's first petrol-powered, horse-drawn vacuum cleaner relied upon air drawn by a piston pump through a cloth filter. It did not contain any brushes; all the cleaning was done by suction through long tubes with nozzles on the ends. Although the machine was too bulky to be brought into the building, its principles of operation were essentially the same as the vacuum cleaners of today. He followed this up with an electric-powered model, but both designs were extremely bulky, and had to be transported by horse and carriage. The term "vacuum cleaner" was first used by the company set up to market Booth's invention, in its first issued prospectus of 1901.[7]

Booth initially did not attempt to sell his machine, but rather sold cleaning services. The vans of the British Vacuum Cleaner Company (BVCC) were bright red; uniformed operators would haul hose off the van and route it through the windows of a building to reach all the rooms inside. Booth was harassed by complaints about the noise of his vacuum machines and was even fined for frightening horses.[citation needed] Gaining the royal seal of approval, Booth's motorized vacuum cleaner was used to clean the carpets of Westminster Abbey prior to Edward VII's coronation in 1901.[10] The device was used by the Royal Navy to improve the level of sanitation in the naval barracks. It was also used in businesses such as theatres and shops, although the device was too large to be feasibly used as a domestic appliance.[11]

Booth received his first patents on 18 February and 30 August 1901.[5][12] Booth started the BVCC and refined his invention over the next several decades. Though his "Goblin" model lost out to competition from Hoover in the household vacuum market, his company successfully turned its focus to the industrial market, building ever-larger models for factories and warehouses. Booth's company, now BVC, lives on today as a unit of pneumatic tube system maker Quirepace Ltd.[13]

The American industry was established by the New Jersey inventor David T. Kenney between 1903 and 1913. Membership in the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers' Association, formed in 1919, was limited to licensees under his patents.

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Vacuum cleaner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Are you searching for affordable flooring in for your home? Whether you are updating scratched tile or you're building a brand-new home and need to choose a flooring material, you can count on finding everything you want to update your home to reflect your style at Palmetto Carpet and Floor Coverings. For years, we've been helping residents infuse their homes with personality, warmth, and comfort and weve earned a reputation for being one of the best flooring stores in Charleston. Our large showroom is filled with a wide range of the best-selling types of flooring, including carpet, hardwoodflooring, vinyl and ceramic tile, which is why you're sure to find all that you want for your home.

Are you looking for kitchen floors? Select bamboo or hardwood flooring that goes with the color of your backsplash and countertops or cabinetry. Do you want to get new basement flooring? Get resilient floor tiles. We also offer many pet-friendly flooring styles, as well as children's floors and eco-friendly green select floor products.

At Palmetto Carpet and Floor Coverings, we have a team of experienced craftspeople who install home flooring for low prices. Our team has years of experience installing various types of floors, including laminate, carpet, hard wood, and tile. Be sure to ask about our warranty programs to ensure the quality of your new floors.

Contact us today to receive a quote on our flooring installation and sales. We proudly serve the communities ofMount Pleasant, Sullivans Island, Isle of Palms, Charleston, Daniel Island, Hanahan, North Charleston, Kiawah, Seabrook Island, Summerville, James Island, and Johns Island, South Carolina.

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Infinity in the Media Infinity Exteriors was featured on Fox6 Now - replacing an incredibly bad roof in Pleasant Prairie, WI. A+ Rating with the Wisconsin Better Business Bureau 2014 Angie's List Service Award Winner.... winners in 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, and 2006 8 Consecutive years of outstanding, award winning customer service NARI Member in good standing 99% Referral Rate Best Warranty in the Business

Your Waukesha Roofing Contractor, Infinity Roofing, is offering this roofing service special for your next Waukesha roofing project. Now is the perfect time of year to repair roof leaks, fix broken shingles, or replace sagging gutters. Get your roof ready to sustain the harsh effects of fall and winter with expert attic insulation service or quality gutter cover installations. Dont miss out on best of the best Waukesha roofing installations and repairs at the most affordable value professionally installed by Infinity Exteriors! Take advantage of our special roofing service offers today and receive 50% off Labor Rates and No Interest Financing for 12 months.

Contact Infinity Roofing Waukesha for Free Roofing Service Quote.

Infinity Exteriors is the proud sponsor of the Infinity Fields baseball park.

Infinity loves giving back to the community and keeping local kids active and healthy. Children can play baseball and softball in the complexs eight diamonds.

See the news story about the Infinity Fields renaming.

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Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. The word "granite" comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a holocrystalline rock. The term 'granite' also applies to a group of intrusive igneous rocks with similar textures and slight variations on composition and origin. These rocks mainly consist of feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibole minerals, which form interlocking, somewhat equigranular matrix of feldspar and quartz with scattered darker biotite mica and amphibole (often hornblende) peppering the lighter color minerals. Occasionally some individual crystals (phenocrysts) are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic texture is known as a granite porphyry. Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz and up to 65% alkali feldspar by volume. Granite differs from granodiorite in that at least 35% of the feldspar in granite is alkali feldspar as opposed to plagioclase; it is the potassium feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink color. The extrusive igneous rock equivalent of granite is rhyolite.

Granite is nearly always massive (lacking any internal structures), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use throughout human history, and more recently as a construction stone. The average density of granite is between 2.65[1] and 2.75 g/cm3, its compressive strength usually lies above 200 MPa, and its viscosity near STP is 36 1019 Pas.[2] Melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is or 12151260 C (22192300 F);[3] it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 C at a few kBar pressure.[4]

Granite has poor primary permeability, but strong secondary permeability.

Granitoid is a general, descriptive field term for lighter-colored, coarse-grained igneous rocks. Petrographic examination is required for identification of specific types of granitoids.[5]

The term "granitic" means granite-like and is applied to granite and rocks of similar composition or texture.

The rock known as "black granite" is usually gabbro.[6]

Granite is classified according to the QAPF diagram for coarse grained plutonic rocks and is named according to the percentage of quartz, alkali feldspar (orthoclase, sanidine, or microcline) and plagioclase feldspar on the A-Q-P half of the diagram. True granite according to modern petrologic convention contains both plagioclase and alkali feldspars. When a granitoid is devoid or nearly devoid of plagioclase, the rock is referred to as alkali feldspar granite. When a granitoid contains less than 10% orthoclase, it is called tonalite; pyroxene and amphibole are common in tonalite. A granite containing both muscovite and biotite micas is called a binary or two-mica granite. Two-mica granites are typically high in potassium and low in plagioclase, and are usually S-type granites or A-type granites.

A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:[7]

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Granite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In 1959, I returned from the U.S. Army Reserves, rented a small garage down the street from my house and started building custom kitchens for neighbors and friends. It is hard to believe that was 54 years ago because it seems like only yesterday. However now is the time for me to catch more fish and paint more sunsets. My wife Shirley is also ready to retire and relax.

Current employee Karl Altenberger and his wife Emilie will become the new owners of C.C.K. on May 1, 2014. Karl is a Union Carpenter and has been with C.C.K. for over 8 years. He has a unique blend of experience both in the shop and on the job site that will be a great benefit to our customers. Emilie has experience in banking, insurance, and customer service and will use her skills to manage the office at C.C.K. Together they will make a great team.

I am 100% confident in Karl and Emilies ability to lead this company into the next generation and beyond. Rest assured that you will continue to receive the same quality products and excellent customer service, and you will be dealing with the same staff that you have come to know and trust through the years. Shirley, Doug and I have agreed to assist as needed in 2014 to ensure a smooth ownership transition. If you have any questions or concerns, please dont hesitate to contact us.

Once again, I want to thank you for your support and friendship over the past 54 years. This isnt goodbye but simply See you again soon! I have a blank canvas for the first time since 1959 and I couldnt be more excited!

Fred Fish, President Collinsville Custom Kitchens, Inc.

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Nearly all attics have some usefulness, even if theyre just storing empty boxes and Christmas ornaments. But for homeowners wishing to create added living space, all the choices center around headroom, headroom, headroom. The placement of kneewalls will determine the room size, so its best to know how high these walls should be. Here are a few issues and parameters to consider when deciding how practical an attic remodel might be:

Access: First, you must have a way to get up there. Whether it be via stair, ladder, or pull-down, the route up must terminate at a high point in the attic. This spot should be high enough to stand up and orient oneself, particularly if carrying packages. If the attic is to be used as a bedroom, most codes will require a full-size stair and a second means of emergency egress.

Traffic pattern: Full headroom is required between the attics entrance and any area to be utilized. The center of the attic is often the highest space, but be wary of valley rafters and collar ties. Placing low-headroom activities on the sides yields more full-height area for other functions.

Ergonomics: Use human dimensions as a guide. The average sizes shown at right outline what activities can be done in height-restricted areas.

Roof pitch: Steeper roofs allow for more useful space along the sides. In this case, even though the kneewalls may be low, the ceiling can slope away fast enough to allow people to stand close to the wall. This gives greater flexibility in locating furniture and in functionality.

Dormers: Use these to add height and light where necessary. Provided the exterior looks all right, dormers can enliven the space and allow for more headroom at the right spots. Plus, they help break up that bowling alley look created by a simple attic plan.

Structure: The floor structure must be stiff enough for the new occupancy loading. The rafters have to be sufficient for the weight of ceiling finish and insulation. Dormers usually require strengthening of the rafters on each side to prevent excessive deflection.

An underutilized attic can become a wonderful place for a guest room, office, gym, or sitting room. It is one of the most economical ways to add to the living area without increasing the building area. As long as it can meet certain criteria, the space inside is practically free.

Dick Kawalek, a registered architect for more than 30 years, is founder of Kawalek Architects, in Cleveland. rck@rktekt.com.

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The Port Authoritys World Trade Center site will offer retail facilities second to none, with a vast array of shopping, dining and entertainment offerings.

The Port Authority is collaborating with the Westfield Group a major, worldwide retail property owner to develop, lease and operate more than 350,000 square feet of shopping and dining space seamlessly integrated into the World Trade Center site. Work has already begun on a 16,000 square foot, street-level retail concourse located along a pedestrian walkway on Cortlandt Street. A street-level retail presence will also exist along Church and Dey Streets and above-grade in Towers 3 and 4.

In addition, the stunning World Trade Center Transportation Hub will feature retail opportunities in its multiple concourses that connect to the rest of the World Trade Center site and multiple transit modes. When developed, Tower 2 is anticipated to include 90,000 square feet of retail space.

The World Trade Center retail complex will be a centerpiece for the entire Lower Manhattan area, a district that is experiencing rapid growth in office occupancy, residential population, commuter traffic and tourism. With the lure of the World Trade Center and convenient access to many modes of public transportation, the area attracts millions of visitors each year.

Westfield Group has one of the worlds largest shopping center portfolios, encompassing the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Its centers generate more than 1.1 billion customer visits and over $40 billion in retail sales every year. Westfields strategy is to develop superior retail destinations in major cities by integrating food, fashion, leisure and entertainment and by using technology to better connect retailers with consumers.

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$30.88 /sf/year1,600 - 6,400 SF

*Bi-level shopping center with almost 200 off-street parking spaces. *In the Central Ward/University Heights section of Newark, NJ on W. Market St., near 12th Ave and Cabinet St., (across the street from University/Rutgers Medical/Hospital Complex). *54,000 SF of retail and office space on 2.78 acres. *FOOD COURT that includes Blimpie, New Crab Palace II, Wok II Chinese Restaurant, 4 Seasons Caf, and Sakura Japanese Restaurant; Quick Fresh Convenience Store; *SECURE shopping/office center. Nine exterior camera security system. Located at crossroads for law enforcement and emergency services vehicles/personnel; *NEIGHBORING TENANTS CURRENTLY INCLUDE Cablevision, Verizon FiOS, Labor Ready, Family Dollar Store; *B4 business district zoning * CONSTRUCTION: Steel masonry non-combustible (fully sprinklered) *WE offer special rates and promotions for national credited tenants and governmental use. Generous rent ramp up period for Nat'l tenants. *WE WILL WORK WITH BROKERS AND OFFER A GENEROUS COMPENSATION FOR NATIONAL LEVEL TENANTS. WE OFFER A RENT RAMP UP PERIOD FOR NATIONAL CREDITED TENANTS AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. SPECIAL PROMOS AVAILABLE FOR GYMS/FITNESS CENTERS

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Total System Services Total System Services (TSS) has been providing Commercial HVAC (Heating / Ventilation / Air Conditioning) and Facility Maintenance Services in Boise, Idaho, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Washington and other Pacific Northwest cities for more than 25 years since incorporating in 1985. HVAC Services ID, OR, WA TSS is licensed to provide Commercial HVAC services in Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Alaska. TSS is a growing company on the move, and furnishes a broad range of HVAC services and facilities maintenance services to government, commercial, and residential markets in all 4 states. TSS offers several HVAC scheduled maintenance plans designed to prolong the life of building heating and cooling systems, improve efficiency and save energy costs while reducing both operational and HVAC repair costs.

Commercial HVAC Services TSS provides commercial heating & cooling system maintenance, sales, repairs to thousands of customers in the greater Boise, ID area (Caldwell to Sun Valley), the greater Portland, OR area (Beaverton, Hillsboro, Troutdale, Wilsonville, Vancouver WA) and the greater Seattle, WA area (Seattle, Everett, Tacoma, Bellingham, Kent, Redmond). Commercial HVAC Clients Sample customers include National Maintenance Providers, Starbucks, PETCO, Burlington Coat Factory, Pier One Imports, Bank of the West, Thornton Oliver Keller, and many others. Our professionally trained NATE certified technicians average more than 10 years of experience and can keep your commercial building and tenants happy and energy costs as low as possible.

Government HVAC Services TSS is an approved Federal Contractor providing building operations & maintenance services for GSA, the FAA, the BLM, and the Army Corp of Engineers. TSS currently provides O&M services to more than 50 government buildings in Idaho, Oregon, Alaska & Washington. O&M work includes maintenance and service for the entire building including HVAC, electrical, plumbing, control systems and all architectural elements, including the structure itself. Energy Savings Maintenance TSS has been recognized by GSA for its energy savings practices at facilities such as the Nakamura Federal Courthouse in Seattle, Washington and the 911 Federal Building in Portland, Oregon. Total System Services maintains compliance with federal, state, local laws and regulations.

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